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Changes to grep/manual/grep.txt,v
|
From: |
Jim Meyering |
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Subject: |
Changes to grep/manual/grep.txt,v |
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Date: |
Tue, 21 Sep 2010 06:07:08 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /webcvs/grep
Module name: grep
Changes by: Jim Meyering <meyering> 10/09/21 06:07:07
Index: grep.txt
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/grep/grep/manual/grep.txt,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- grep.txt 2 Apr 2010 10:26:52 -0000 1.5
+++ grep.txt 21 Sep 2010 06:07:06 -0000 1.6
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
`grep' prints lines that match a pattern.
- This manual is for version 2.6.3 of GNU Grep.
+ This manual is for version 2.7 of GNU Grep.
This manual is for `grep', a pattern matching engine.
@@ -620,11 +620,9 @@
behaves more like other GNU programs. POSIX.2 requires that
options that follow file names must be treated as file names; by
default, such options are permuted to the front of the operand list
- and are treated as options. Also, POSIX.2 requires that
- unrecognized options be diagnosed as "illegal", but since they are
- not really against the law the default is to diagnose them as
- "invalid". `POSIXLY_CORRECT' also disables
- `_N_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_', described below.
+ and are treated as options. Also, `POSIXLY_CORRECT' disables
+ special handling of an invalid bracket expression. *Note
+ invalid-bracket-expr::.
`_N_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_'
(Here `N' is `grep''s numeric process ID.) If the Ith character
@@ -810,7 +808,8 @@
`[:space:]'
Space characters: tab, newline, vertical tab, form feed, carriage
- return, and space.
+ return, and space. *Note Usage::, for more discussion of matching
+ newlines.
`[:upper:]'
Upper-case letters: `A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W
@@ -826,6 +825,12 @@
be included in addition to the brackets delimiting the bracket
expression.)
+ If you mistakenly omit the outer brackets, and search for say,
+`[:upper:]', GNU `grep' prints a diagnostic and exits with status 2, on
+the assumption that you did not intend to search for the nominally
+equivalent regular expression: `[:epru]'. Set the `POSIXLY_CORRECT'
+environment variable to disable this feature.
+
Most meta-characters lose their special meaning inside bracket
expressions.
@@ -886,6 +891,12 @@
``\W''
Match non-word constituent, it is a synonym for `[^[:alnum:]]'.
+``\s''
+ Match whitespace, it is a synonym for `[[:space:]]'.
+
+``\S''
+ Match non-whitespace, it is a synonym for `[^[:space:]]'.
+
For example, `\brat\b' matches the separate word `rat', `\Brat\B'
matches `crate' but not `furry rat'.
@@ -1079,10 +1090,32 @@
match, as there is no `aa' in the input, so the `\1' in the second
alternate has nothing to refer back to, meaning it will never
match anything. (The second alternate in this example can only
- match if the first alternate has matched - making the second one
+ match if the first alternate has matched--making the second one
superfluous.)
- 14. What do `grep', `fgrep', and `egrep' stand for?
+ 14. How can I match across lines?
+
+ Standard grep cannot do this, as it is fundamentally line-based.
+ Therefore, merely using the `[:space:]' character class does not
+ match newlines in the way you might expect. However, if your grep
+ is compiled with Perl patterns enabled, the Perl `s' modifier
+ (which makes `.' match newlines) can be used:
+
+ printf 'foo\nbar\n' | grep -P '(?s)foo.*?bar'
+
+ With the GNU `grep' option `-z' (*note File and Directory
+ Selection::), the input is terminated by null bytes. Thus, you
+ can match newlines in the input, but the output will be the whole
+ file, so this is really only useful to determine if the pattern is
+ present:
+
+ printf 'foo\nbar\n' | grep -z -q 'foo[[:space:]]\+bar'
+
+ Failing either of those options, you need to transform the input
+ before giving it to `grep', or turn to `awk', `sed', `perl', or
+ many other utilities that are designed to operate across lines.
+
+ 15. What do `grep', `fgrep', and `egrep' stand for?
The name `grep' comes from the way line editing was done on Unix.
For example, `ed' uses the following syntax to print a list of
@@ -1622,10 +1655,10 @@
Index
*****
-*: See 3.1. (line 724)
-+: See 3.1. (line 727)
+*: See 3.1. (line 722)
++: See 3.1. (line 725)
--after-context: See 2.1.5. (line 322)
---basic-regexp: See 2.4. (line 663)
+--basic-regexp: See 2.4. (line 661)
--before-context: See 2.1.5. (line 326)
--binary: See 2.1.7. (line 438)
--binary-files: See 2.1.6. (line 364)
@@ -1639,11 +1672,11 @@
--exclude: See 2.1.6. (line 395)
--exclude-dir: See 2.1.6. (line 404)
--exclude-from: See 2.1.6. (line 400)
---extended-regexp: See 2.4. (line 668)
+--extended-regexp: See 2.4. (line 666)
--file: See 2.1.2. (line 116)
--files-with-matches: See 2.1.3. (line 179)
--files-without-match: See 2.1.3. (line 173)
---fixed-strings: See 2.4. (line 673)
+--fixed-strings: See 2.4. (line 671)
--group-separator: See 2.1.5. (line 334)
--help: See 2.1.1. (line 96)
--ignore-case: See 2.1.2. (line 123)
@@ -1661,7 +1694,7 @@
--null: See 2.1.4. (line 302)
--null-data: See 2.1.7. (line 452)
--only-matching: See 2.1.3. (line 219)
---perl-regexp: See 2.4. (line 679)
+--perl-regexp: See 2.4. (line 677)
--quiet: See 2.1.3. (line 225)
--recursive: See 2.1.6. (line 418)
--regexp=PATTERN: See 2.1.2. (line 110)
@@ -1679,11 +1712,11 @@
-c: See 2.1.3. (line 152)
-d: See 2.1.6. (line 385)
-D: See 2.1.6. (line 378)
--E: See 2.4. (line 668)
+-E: See 2.4. (line 666)
-e: See 2.1.2. (line 110)
--F: See 2.4. (line 673)
+-F: See 2.4. (line 671)
-f: See 2.1.2. (line 116)
--G: See 2.4. (line 663)
+-G: See 2.4. (line 661)
-h: See 2.1.4. (line 264)
-H: See 2.1.4. (line 259)
-i: See 2.1.2. (line 123)
@@ -1693,7 +1726,7 @@
-n: See 2.1.4. (line 277)
-NUM: See 2.1.5. (line 331)
-o: See 2.1.3. (line 219)
--P: See 2.4. (line 679)
+-P: See 2.4. (line 677)
-q: See 2.1.3. (line 225)
-r: See 2.1.6. (line 418)
-s: See 2.1.3. (line 232)
@@ -1707,73 +1740,73 @@
-y: See 2.1.2. (line 123)
-z: See 2.1.7. (line 452)
-Z: See 2.1.4. (line 302)
-.: See 3.1. (line 718)
-?: See 3.1. (line 721)
-_N_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_ environment variable:See 2.2. (line 630)
+.: See 3.1. (line 716)
+?: See 3.1. (line 719)
+_N_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_ environment variable:See 2.2. (line 628)
after context: See 2.1.5. (line 322)
-alnum character class: See 3.2. (line 781)
-alpha character class: See 3.2. (line 784)
-alphabetic characters: See 3.2. (line 784)
-alphanumeric characters: See 3.2. (line 781)
-anchoring: See 3.4. (line 896)
-asterisk: See 3.1. (line 724)
-back-reference: See 3.5. (line 902)
-backslash: See 3.3. (line 868)
-basic regular expressions: See 3.6. (line 914)
+alnum character class: See 3.2. (line 779)
+alpha character class: See 3.2. (line 782)
+alphabetic characters: See 3.2. (line 782)
+alphanumeric characters: See 3.2. (line 779)
+anchoring: See 3.4. (line 907)
+asterisk: See 3.1. (line 722)
+back-reference: See 3.5. (line 913)
+backslash: See 3.3. (line 873)
+basic regular expressions: See 3.6. (line 925)
before context: See 2.1.5. (line 326)
binary files: See 2.1.6. (line 360)
binary files, MS-DOS/MS-Windows: See 2.1.7. (line 438)
-blank character class: See 3.2. (line 787)
-blank characters: See 3.2. (line 787)
+blank character class: See 3.2. (line 785)
+blank characters: See 3.2. (line 785)
bn GREP_COLORS capability: See 2.2. (line 558)
-braces, first argument omitted: See 3.1. (line 736)
-braces, one argument: See 3.1. (line 730)
-braces, second argument omitted: See 3.1. (line 733)
-braces, two arguments: See 3.1. (line 739)
-bracket expression: See 3.2. (line 758)
-Bugs, known: See 5.1. (line 1109)
-bugs, reporting: See 5. (line 1101)
+braces, first argument omitted: See 3.1. (line 734)
+braces, one argument: See 3.1. (line 728)
+braces, second argument omitted: See 3.1. (line 731)
+braces, two arguments: See 3.1. (line 737)
+bracket expression: See 3.2. (line 756)
+Bugs, known: See 5.1. (line 1142)
+bugs, reporting: See 5. (line 1134)
byte offset: See 2.1.4. (line 251)
byte offsets, on MS-DOS/MS-Windows: See 2.1.4. (line 292)
case insensitive search: See 2.1.2. (line 123)
changing name of standard input: See 2.1.4. (line 269)
-character class: See 3.2. (line 758)
-character classes: See 3.2. (line 780)
+character class: See 3.2. (line 756)
+character classes: See 3.2. (line 778)
character type: See 2.2. (line 600)
-classes of characters: See 3.2. (line 780)
-cntrl character class: See 3.2. (line 790)
+classes of characters: See 3.2. (line 778)
+cntrl character class: See 3.2. (line 788)
context: See 2.1.5. (line 331)
context lines, after match: See 2.1.5. (line 322)
context lines, before match: See 2.1.5. (line 326)
-control characters: See 3.2. (line 790)
-copying: See 6. (line 1119)
+control characters: See 3.2. (line 788)
+copying: See 6. (line 1152)
counting lines: See 2.1.3. (line 152)
cx GREP_COLORS capability: See 2.2. (line 511)
default options environment variable: See 2.2. (line 474)
device search: See 2.1.6. (line 378)
-digit character class: See 3.2. (line 795)
-digit characters: See 3.2. (line 795)
+digit character class: See 3.2. (line 793)
+digit characters: See 3.2. (line 793)
directory search: See 2.1.6. (line 385)
-dot: See 3.1. (line 718)
+dot: See 3.1. (line 716)
environment variables: See 2.2. (line 473)
exclude directories: See 2.1.6. (line 404)
exclude files: See 2.1.6. (line 395)
-exit status: See 2.3. (line 643)
-FAQ about grep usage: See 4. (line 944)
+exit status: See 2.3. (line 641)
+FAQ about grep usage: See 4. (line 955)
files which don't match: See 2.1.3. (line 173)
fn GREP_COLORS capability: See 2.2. (line 548)
-graph character class: See 3.2. (line 798)
-graphic characters: See 3.2. (line 798)
-grep programs: See 2.4. (line 655)
+graph character class: See 3.2. (line 796)
+graphic characters: See 3.2. (line 796)
+grep programs: See 2.4. (line 653)
GREP_COLOR environment variable: See 2.2. (line 484)
GREP_COLORS environment variable: See 2.2. (line 495)
GREP_OPTIONS environment variable: See 2.2. (line 474)
group separator: See 2.1.5. (line 334)
-hexadecimal digits: See 3.2. (line 820)
+hexadecimal digits: See 3.2. (line 819)
highlight markers: See 2.2. (line 484)
highlight, color, colour: See 2.1.3. (line 158)
include files: See 2.1.6. (line 412)
-interval specifications: See 3.6. (line 918)
+interval specifications: See 3.6. (line 929)
invert matching: See 2.1.2. (line 129)
LANG environment variable: See 2.2. (line 600)
language of messages: See 2.2. (line 614)
@@ -1784,20 +1817,20 @@
line buffering: See 2.1.7. (line 427)
line numbering: See 2.1.4. (line 277)
ln GREP_COLORS capability: See 2.2. (line 553)
-lower character class: See 3.2. (line 801)
-lower-case letters: See 3.2. (line 801)
-match expression at most M times: See 3.1. (line 736)
-match expression at most once: See 3.1. (line 721)
-match expression from N to M times: See 3.1. (line 739)
-match expression N or more times: See 3.1. (line 733)
-match expression N times: See 3.1. (line 730)
-match expression one or more times: See 3.1. (line 727)
-match expression zero or more times: See 3.1. (line 724)
+lower character class: See 3.2. (line 799)
+lower-case letters: See 3.2. (line 799)
+match expression at most M times: See 3.1. (line 734)
+match expression at most once: See 3.1. (line 719)
+match expression from N to M times: See 3.1. (line 737)
+match expression N or more times: See 3.1. (line 731)
+match expression N times: See 3.1. (line 728)
+match expression one or more times: See 3.1. (line 725)
+match expression zero or more times: See 3.1. (line 722)
match the whole line: See 2.1.2. (line 143)
-matching basic regular expressions: See 2.4. (line 663)
-matching extended regular expressions: See 2.4. (line 668)
-matching fixed strings: See 2.4. (line 673)
-matching Perl regular expressions: See 2.4. (line 679)
+matching basic regular expressions: See 2.4. (line 661)
+matching extended regular expressions: See 2.4. (line 666)
+matching fixed strings: See 2.4. (line 671)
+matching Perl regular expressions: See 2.4. (line 677)
matching whole words: See 2.1.2. (line 134)
max-count: See 2.1.3. (line 186)
mc GREP_COLORS capability: See 2.2. (line 541)
@@ -1812,50 +1845,50 @@
ne GREP_COLORS capability: See 2.2. (line 570)
NLS: See 2.2. (line 600)
no filename prefix: See 2.1.4. (line 264)
-numeric characters: See 3.2. (line 795)
+numeric characters: See 3.2. (line 793)
only matching: See 2.1.3. (line 219)
-palindromes: See 4. (line 1056)
+palindromes: See 4. (line 1067)
pattern from file: See 2.1.2. (line 116)
pattern list: See 2.1.2. (line 110)
-period: See 3.1. (line 718)
-plus sign: See 3.1. (line 727)
+period: See 3.1. (line 716)
+plus sign: See 3.1. (line 725)
POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: See 2.2. (line 619)
-print character class: See 3.2. (line 805)
+print character class: See 3.2. (line 803)
print non-matching lines: See 2.1.2. (line 129)
-printable characters: See 3.2. (line 805)
-punct character class: See 3.2. (line 808)
-punctuation characters: See 3.2. (line 808)
-question mark: See 3.1. (line 721)
+printable characters: See 3.2. (line 803)
+punct character class: See 3.2. (line 806)
+punctuation characters: See 3.2. (line 806)
+question mark: See 3.1. (line 719)
quiet, silent: See 2.1.3. (line 225)
-range expression: See 3.2. (line 764)
+range expression: See 3.2. (line 762)
recursive search: See 2.1.6. (line 418)
-regular expressions: See 3. (line 693)
-return status: See 2.3. (line 643)
+regular expressions: See 3. (line 691)
+return status: See 2.3. (line 641)
rv GREP_COLORS capability: See 2.2. (line 520)
searching directory trees: See 2.1.6. (line 395)
searching for a pattern: See 1. (line 55)
sl GREP_COLORS capability: See 2.2. (line 503)
-space character class: See 3.2. (line 812)
-space characters: See 3.2. (line 812)
-subexpression: See 3.5. (line 902)
+space character class: See 3.2. (line 810)
+space characters: See 3.2. (line 810)
+subexpression: See 3.5. (line 913)
suppress binary data: See 2.1.6. (line 360)
suppress error messages: See 2.1.3. (line 232)
tab-aligned content lines: See 2.1.4. (line 282)
translation of message language: See 2.2. (line 614)
-upper character class: See 3.2. (line 816)
-upper-case letters: See 3.2. (line 816)
+upper character class: See 3.2. (line 815)
+upper-case letters: See 3.2. (line 815)
usage summary, printing: See 2.1.1. (line 96)
-usage, examples: See 4. (line 933)
-using grep, Q&A: See 4. (line 944)
-variants of gerp: See 2.4. (line 655)
+usage, examples: See 4. (line 944)
+using grep, Q&A: See 4. (line 955)
+variants of gerp: See 2.4. (line 653)
version, printing: See 2.1.1. (line 101)
-whitespace characters: See 3.2. (line 812)
+whitespace characters: See 3.2. (line 810)
with filename prefix: See 2.1.4. (line 259)
-xdigit character class: See 3.2. (line 820)
-xdigit class: See 3.2. (line 820)
+xdigit character class: See 3.2. (line 819)
+xdigit class: See 3.2. (line 819)
zero-terminated file names: See 2.1.4. (line 302)
zero-terminated lines: See 2.1.7. (line 452)
-{,M}: See 3.1. (line 736)
-{N,M}: See 3.1. (line 739)
-{N,}: See 3.1. (line 733)
-{N}: See 3.1. (line 730)
+{,M}: See 3.1. (line 734)
+{N,M}: See 3.1. (line 737)
+{N,}: See 3.1. (line 731)
+{N}: See 3.1. (line 728)
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