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Changes to grep/manual/grep.html,v
|
From: |
Jim Meyering |
|
Subject: |
Changes to grep/manual/grep.html,v |
|
Date: |
Sun, 23 Nov 2014 22:23:34 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /webcvs/grep
Module name: grep
Changes by: Jim Meyering <meyering> 14/11/23 22:23:33
Index: grep.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/grep/grep/manual/grep.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- grep.html 3 Jun 2014 14:47:00 -0000 1.19
+++ grep.html 23 Nov 2014 22:23:28 -0000 1.20
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
<html lang="en">
<head>
-<title>GNU Grep 2.20</title>
+<title>GNU Grep 2.21</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
-<meta name="description" content="GNU Grep 2.20">
+<meta name="description" content="GNU Grep 2.21">
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.13">
<link title="Top" rel="top" href="#Top">
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/"; rel="generator-home"
title="Texinfo Homepage">
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
--></style>
</head>
<body>
-<h1 class="settitle">GNU Grep 2.20</h1>
+<h1 class="settitle">GNU Grep 2.21</h1>
<div class="contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
<p><samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> prints lines that contain a
match for a pattern.
- <p>This manual is for version 2.20 of GNU Grep.
+ <p>This manual is for version 2.21 of GNU Grep.
<p>This manual is for <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>, a
pattern matching engine.
@@ -437,13 +437,13 @@
<br><dt><samp><span class="option">-u</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="option">--unix-byte-offsets</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002du-69"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dunix_002dbyte_002doffsets-70"></a><a
name="index-MS_002dDOS_002fMS_002dWindows-byte-offsets-71"></a><a
name="index-byte-offsets_002c-on-MS_002dDOS_002fMS_002dWindows-72"></a>Report
Unix-style byte offsets.
This option causes <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> to report
byte offsets
as if the file were a Unix-style text file,
-i.e., the byte offsets ignore the <code>CR</code> characters that were
stripped.
+i.e., the byte offsets ignore carriage returns that were stripped.
This will produce results identical
to running <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> on a Unix machine.
This option has no effect unless the <samp><span
class="option">-b</span></samp> option is also used;
it has no effect on platforms other than MS-DOS and MS-Windows.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="option">-Z</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="option">--null</span></samp><dd><a name="index-g_t_002dZ-73"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dnull-74"></a><a
name="index-zero_002dterminated-file-names-75"></a>Output a zero byte (the
ASCII <code>NUL</code> character)
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="option">-Z</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="option">--null</span></samp><dd><a name="index-g_t_002dZ-73"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dnull-74"></a><a
name="index-zero_002dterminated-file-names-75"></a>Output a zero byte (the
ASCII NUL character)
instead of the character that normally follows a file name.
For example,
‘<samp><span class="samp">grep -lZ</span></samp>’ outputs a zero
byte after each file name
@@ -530,13 +530,16 @@
<dt><samp><span class="option">-a</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="option">--text</span></samp><dd><a name="index-g_t_002da-92"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dtext-93"></a><a
name="index-suppress-binary-data-94"></a><a
name="index-binary-files-95"></a>Process a binary file as if it were text;
this is equivalent to the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">--binary-files=text</span></samp>’ option.
- <br><dt><samp><span
class="option">--binary-files=</span><var>type</var></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dbinary_002dfiles-96"></a><a
name="index-binary-files-97"></a>If a file's allocation metadata or its first
few bytes
+ <br><dt><samp><span
class="option">--binary-files=</span><var>type</var></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dbinary_002dfiles-96"></a><a
name="index-binary-files-97"></a>If a file's allocation metadata,
+or if its data read before a line is selected for output,
indicate that the file contains binary data,
assume that the file is of type <var>type</var>.
By default, <var>type</var> is ‘<samp><span
class="samp">binary</span></samp>’,
and <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> normally outputs either
a one-line message saying that a binary file matches,
or no message if there is no match.
+When matching binary data, <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> may
treat non-text
+bytes as line terminators.
<p>If <var>type</var> is ‘<samp><span
class="samp">without-match</span></samp>’,
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> assumes that a binary file does
not match;
@@ -574,24 +577,26 @@
following command-line symbolic links and skipping other symlinks;
this is equivalent to the <samp><span class="option">-r</span></samp> option.
- <br><dt><samp><span
class="option">--exclude=</span><var>glob</var></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dexclude-105"></a><a
name="index-exclude-files-106"></a><a
name="index-searching-directory-trees-107"></a>Skip files whose base name
matches <var>glob</var>
-(using wildcard matching).
-A file-name glob can use
+ <br><dt><samp><span
class="option">--exclude=</span><var>glob</var></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dexclude-105"></a><a
name="index-exclude-files-106"></a><a
name="index-searching-directory-trees-107"></a>Skip files whose name matches
the pattern <var>glob</var>, using wildcard
+matching. When searching recursively, skip any subfile whose base
+name matches <var>glob</var>; the base name is the part after the last
+‘<samp><span class="samp">/</span></samp>’. A pattern can use
‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">?</span></samp>’, and ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[</span></samp>’...‘<samp><span
class="samp">]</span></samp>’ as wildcards,
and <code>\</code> to quote a wildcard or backslash character literally.
- <br><dt><samp><span
class="option">--exclude-from=</span><var>file</var></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002dfrom-108"></a><a
name="index-exclude-files-109"></a><a
name="index-searching-directory-trees-110"></a>Skip files whose base name
matches any of the file-name globs
+ <br><dt><samp><span
class="option">--exclude-from=</span><var>file</var></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002dfrom-108"></a><a
name="index-exclude-files-109"></a><a
name="index-searching-directory-trees-110"></a>Skip files whose name matches
any of the patterns
read from <var>file</var> (using wildcard matching as described
under <samp><span class="option">--exclude</span></samp>).
- <br><dt><samp><span
class="option">--exclude-dir=</span><var>dir</var></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002ddir-111"></a><a
name="index-exclude-directories-112"></a>Skip any directory whose name matches
the pattern <var>dir</var>, ignoring
-any redundant trailing slashes in <var>dir</var>.
+ <br><dt><samp><span
class="option">--exclude-dir=</span><var>glob</var></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002ddir-111"></a><a
name="index-exclude-directories-112"></a>Skip any directory whose name matches
the pattern <var>glob</var>. When
+searching recursively, skip any subdirectory whose base name matches
+<var>glob</var>. Ignore any redundant trailing slashes in <var>glob</var>.
<br><dt><samp><span class="option">-I</span></samp><dd>Process a binary
file as if it did not contain matching data;
this is equivalent to the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">--binary-files=without-match</span></samp>’ option.
- <br><dt><samp><span
class="option">--include=</span><var>glob</var></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dinclude-113"></a><a
name="index-include-files-114"></a><a
name="index-searching-directory-trees-115"></a>Search only files whose base
name matches <var>glob</var>
-(using wildcard matching as described under <samp><span
class="option">--exclude</span></samp>).
+ <br><dt><samp><span
class="option">--include=</span><var>glob</var></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dinclude-113"></a><a
name="index-include-files-114"></a><a
name="index-searching-directory-trees-115"></a>Search only files whose name
matches <var>glob</var>,
+using wildcard matching as described under <samp><span
class="option">--exclude</span></samp>.
<br><dt><samp><span class="option">-r</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="option">--recursive</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dr-116"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002drecursive-117"></a><a
name="index-recursive-search-118"></a><a
name="index-searching-directory-trees-119"></a><a
name="index-symbolic-links-120"></a>For each directory operand,
read and process all files in that directory, recursively.
@@ -623,7 +628,7 @@
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> guesses whether a file is text
or binary
as described for the <samp><span class="option">--binary-files</span></samp>
option.
If <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> decides the file is a text
file,
-it strips the <code>CR</code> characters from the original file contents
+it strips carriage returns from the original file contents
(to make regular expressions with <code>^</code> and <code>$</code> work
correctly).
Specifying <samp><span class="option">-U</span></samp> overrules this
guesswork,
causing all files to be read and passed to the matching mechanism verbatim;
@@ -633,7 +638,7 @@
on platforms other than MS-DOS and MS-Windows.
<br><dt><samp><span class="option">-z</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="option">--null-data</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dz-132"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dnull_002ddata-133"></a><a
name="index-zero_002dterminated-lines-134"></a>Treat the input as a set of
lines, each terminated by a zero byte (the
-ASCII <code>NUL</code> character) instead of a newline.
+ASCII NUL character) instead of a newline.
Like the <samp><span class="option">-Z</span></samp> or <samp><span
class="option">--null</span></samp> option,
this option can be used with commands like
‘<samp><span class="samp">sort -z</span></samp>’ to process
arbitrary file names.
@@ -654,15 +659,19 @@
<p>The behavior of <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> is affected
by the following environment variables.
- <p>The locale for category <code>LC_</code><var>foo</var><!-- /@w -->
+ <p><a name="index-LANGUAGE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-135"></a><a
name="index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-136"></a><a
name="index-LC_005fMESSAGES-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-137"></a><a
name="index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-138"></a>The locale for
category <code>LC_</code><var>foo</var><!-- /@w -->
is specified by examining the three environment variables
<samp><span class="env">LC_ALL</span></samp>, <samp><span
class="env">LC_</span><var>foo</var></samp><!-- /@w -->, and <samp><span
class="env">LANG</span></samp>,
in that order.
The first of these variables that is set specifies the locale.
For example, if <samp><span class="env">LC_ALL</span></samp> is not set,
-but <samp><span class="env">LC_MESSAGES</span></samp> is set to
‘<samp><span class="samp">pt_BR</span></samp>’,
+but <samp><span class="env">LC_COLLATE</span></samp> is set to
‘<samp><span class="samp">pt_BR</span></samp>’,
then the Brazilian Portuguese locale is used
-for the <code>LC_MESSAGES</code> category.
+for the <samp><span class="env">LC_COLLATE</span></samp> category.
+As a special case for <samp><span class="env">LC_MESSAGES</span></samp> only,
the environment variable
+<samp><span class="env">LANGUAGE</span></samp> can contain a colon-separated
list of languages that
+overrides the three environment variables that ordinarily specify
+the <samp><span class="env">LC_MESSAGES</span></samp> category.
The ‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale is used if
none of these environment variables are set,
if the locale catalog is not installed,
or if <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> was not compiled
@@ -702,28 +711,15 @@
These capabilities are stored in an online database and accessed by
the <code>terminfo</code> library.
- <p><a name="index-environment-variables-135"></a>
+ <p><a name="index-environment-variables-139"></a>
<dl>
-<dt><samp><span class="env">GREP_OPTIONS</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-GREP_005fOPTIONS-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-136"></a><a
name="index-default-options-environment-variable-137"></a>This variable
specifies default options to be placed in front of any
+<dt><samp><span class="env">GREP_OPTIONS</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-GREP_005fOPTIONS-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-140"></a><a
name="index-default-options-environment-variable-141"></a>This variable
specifies default options to be placed in front of any
explicit options.
-For example, if <code>GREP_OPTIONS</code> is
-‘<samp><span class="samp">--binary-files=without-match
--directories=skip</span></samp>’, <samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp>
-behaves as if the two options ‘<samp><span
class="samp">--binary-files=without-match</span></samp>’ and
-‘<samp><span class="samp">--directories=skip</span></samp>’ had
been specified before
-any explicit options.
-Option specifications are separated by
-whitespace.
-A backslash escapes the next character, so it can be used to
-specify an option containing whitespace or a backslash.
-
- <p>The <code>GREP_OPTIONS</code> value does not affect whether
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>
-without file operands searches standard input or the working
-directory; that is affected only by command-line options. For
-example, the command ‘<samp><span class="samp">grep
PAT</span></samp>’ searches standard input and the
-command ‘<samp><span class="samp">grep -r PAT</span></samp>’
searches the working directory, regardless
-of whether <code>GREP_OPTIONS</code> contains <samp><span
class="option">-r</span></samp>.
+As this causes problems when writing portable scripts, this feature
+will be removed in a future release of <samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp>, and <samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp>
+warns if it is used. Please use an alias or script instead.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="env">GREP_COLOR</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-GREP_005fCOLOR-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-138"></a><a
name="index-highlight-markers-139"></a>This variable specifies the color used
to highlight matched (non-empty) text.
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="env">GREP_COLOR</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-GREP_005fCOLOR-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-142"></a><a
name="index-highlight-markers-143"></a>This variable specifies the color used
to highlight matched (non-empty) text.
It is deprecated in favor of <samp><span
class="env">GREP_COLORS</span></samp>, but still supported.
The ‘<samp><span class="samp">mt</span></samp>’,
‘<samp><span class="samp">ms</span></samp>’, and ‘<samp><span
class="samp">mc</span></samp>’ capabilities of <samp><span
class="env">GREP_COLORS</span></samp>
have priority over it.
@@ -734,7 +730,7 @@
The default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">01;31</span></samp>’,
which means a bold red foreground text on the terminal's default background.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="env">GREP_COLORS</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-140"></a><a
name="index-highlight-markers-141"></a>This variable specifies the colors and
other attributes
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="env">GREP_COLORS</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-144"></a><a
name="index-highlight-markers-145"></a>This variable specifies the colors and
other attributes
used to highlight various parts of the output.
Its value is a colon-separated list of <code>terminfo</code> capabilities
that defaults to ‘<samp><span
class="samp">ms=01;31:mc=01;31:sl=:cx=:fn=35:ln=32:bn=32:se=36</span></samp>’
@@ -742,7 +738,7 @@
Supported capabilities are as follows.
<dl>
-<dt><code>sl=</code><dd><a
name="index-sl-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-142"></a>SGR
substring for whole selected lines
+<dt><code>sl=</code><dd><a
name="index-sl-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-146"></a>SGR
substring for whole selected lines
(i.e.,
matching lines when the <samp><span class="option">-v</span></samp>
command-line option is omitted,
or non-matching lines when <samp><span class="option">-v</span></samp> is
specified).
@@ -751,7 +747,7 @@
it applies to context matching lines instead.
The default is empty (i.e., the terminal's default color pair).
- <br><dt><code>cx=</code><dd><a
name="index-cx-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-143"></a>SGR
substring for whole context lines
+ <br><dt><code>cx=</code><dd><a
name="index-cx-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-147"></a>SGR
substring for whole context lines
(i.e.,
non-matching lines when the <samp><span class="option">-v</span></samp>
command-line option is omitted,
or matching lines when <samp><span class="option">-v</span></samp> is
specified).
@@ -760,12 +756,12 @@
it applies to selected non-matching lines instead.
The default is empty (i.e., the terminal's default color pair).
- <br><dt><code>rv</code><dd><a
name="index-rv-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-144"></a>Boolean
value that reverses (swaps) the meanings of
+ <br><dt><code>rv</code><dd><a
name="index-rv-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-148"></a>Boolean
value that reverses (swaps) the meanings of
the ‘<samp><span class="samp">sl=</span></samp>’ and
‘<samp><span class="samp">cx=</span></samp>’ capabilities
when the <samp><span class="option">-v</span></samp> command-line option is
specified.
The default is false (i.e., the capability is omitted).
- <br><dt><code>mt=01;31</code><dd><a
name="index-mt-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-145"></a>SGR
substring for matching non-empty text in any matching line
+ <br><dt><code>mt=01;31</code><dd><a
name="index-mt-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-149"></a>SGR
substring for matching non-empty text in any matching line
(i.e.,
a selected line when the <samp><span class="option">-v</span></samp>
command-line option is omitted,
or a context line when <samp><span class="option">-v</span></samp> is
specified).
@@ -773,35 +769,35 @@
at once to the same value.
The default is a bold red text foreground over the current line background.
- <br><dt><code>ms=01;31</code><dd><a
name="index-ms-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-146"></a>SGR
substring for matching non-empty text in a selected line.
+ <br><dt><code>ms=01;31</code><dd><a
name="index-ms-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-150"></a>SGR
substring for matching non-empty text in a selected line.
(This is used only when the <samp><span class="option">-v</span></samp>
command-line option is omitted.)
The effect of the ‘<samp><span class="samp">sl=</span></samp>’ (or
‘<samp><span class="samp">cx=</span></samp>’ if ‘<samp><span
class="samp">rv</span></samp>’) capability
remains active when this takes effect.
The default is a bold red text foreground over the current line background.
- <br><dt><code>mc=01;31</code><dd><a
name="index-mc-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-147"></a>SGR
substring for matching non-empty text in a context line.
+ <br><dt><code>mc=01;31</code><dd><a
name="index-mc-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-151"></a>SGR
substring for matching non-empty text in a context line.
(This is used only when the <samp><span class="option">-v</span></samp>
command-line option is specified.)
The effect of the ‘<samp><span class="samp">cx=</span></samp>’ (or
‘<samp><span class="samp">sl=</span></samp>’ if ‘<samp><span
class="samp">rv</span></samp>’) capability
remains active when this takes effect.
The default is a bold red text foreground over the current line background.
- <br><dt><code>fn=35</code><dd><a
name="index-fn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-148"></a>SGR
substring for file names prefixing any content line.
+ <br><dt><code>fn=35</code><dd><a
name="index-fn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-152"></a>SGR
substring for file names prefixing any content line.
The default is a magenta text foreground over the terminal's default
background.
- <br><dt><code>ln=32</code><dd><a
name="index-ln-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-149"></a>SGR
substring for line numbers prefixing any content line.
+ <br><dt><code>ln=32</code><dd><a
name="index-ln-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-153"></a>SGR
substring for line numbers prefixing any content line.
The default is a green text foreground over the terminal's default background.
- <br><dt><code>bn=32</code><dd><a
name="index-bn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-150"></a>SGR
substring for byte offsets prefixing any content line.
+ <br><dt><code>bn=32</code><dd><a
name="index-bn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-154"></a>SGR
substring for byte offsets prefixing any content line.
The default is a green text foreground over the terminal's default background.
- <br><dt><code>se=36</code><dd><a
name="index-fn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-151"></a>SGR
substring for separators that are inserted
+ <br><dt><code>se=36</code><dd><a
name="index-fn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-155"></a>SGR
substring for separators that are inserted
between selected line fields (‘<samp><span
class="samp">:</span></samp>’),
between context line fields (‘<samp><span
class="samp">-</span></samp>’),
and between groups of adjacent lines
when nonzero context is specified (‘<samp><span
class="samp">--</span></samp>’).
The default is a cyan text foreground over the terminal's default background.
- <br><dt><code>ne</code><dd><a
name="index-ne-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-152"></a>Boolean
value that prevents clearing to the end of line
+ <br><dt><code>ne</code><dd><a
name="index-ne-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-156"></a>Boolean
value that prevents clearing to the end of line
using Erase in Line (EL) to Right (‘<samp><span
class="samp">\33[K</span></samp>’)
each time a colorized item ends.
This is needed on terminals on which EL is not supported.
@@ -816,19 +812,19 @@
<p>Note that boolean capabilities have no ‘<samp><span
class="samp">=</span></samp>’... part.
They are omitted (i.e., false) by default and become true when specified.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="env">LC_ALL</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LC_COLLATE</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LANG</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-153"></a><a
name="index-LC_005fCOLLATE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-154"></a><a
name="index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-155"></a><a
name="index-character-type-156"></a><a
name="index-national-language-support-157"></a><a
name="index-NLS-158"></a>These variables specify the locale for the
<code>LC_COLLATE</code> category,
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="env">LC_ALL</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LC_COLLATE</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LANG</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-157"></a><a
name="index-LC_005fCOLLATE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-158"></a><a
name="index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-159"></a><a
name="index-character-type-160"></a><a
name="index-national-language-support-161"></a><a
name="index-NLS-162"></a>These variables specify the locale for the <samp><span
class="env">LC_COLLATE</span></samp> category,
which might affect how range expressions like ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[a-z]</span></samp>’ are
interpreted.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="env">LC_ALL</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LC_CTYPE</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LANG</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-159"></a><a
name="index-LC_005fCTYPE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-160"></a><a
name="index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-161"></a>These variables
specify the locale for the <code>LC_CTYPE</code> category,
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="env">LC_ALL</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LC_CTYPE</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LANG</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-163"></a><a
name="index-LC_005fCTYPE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-164"></a><a
name="index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-165"></a>These variables
specify the locale for the <samp><span class="env">LC_CTYPE</span></samp>
category,
which determines the type of characters,
e.g., which characters are whitespace.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="env">LC_ALL</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LC_MESSAGES</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LANG</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-162"></a><a
name="index-LC_005fMESSAGES-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-163"></a><a
name="index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-164"></a><a
name="index-language-of-messages-165"></a><a
name="index-message-language-166"></a><a
name="index-national-language-support-167"></a><a
name="index-translation-of-message-language-168"></a>These variables specify
the locale for the <code>LC_MESSAGES</code> category,
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="env">LANGUAGE</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LC_ALL</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LC_MESSAGES</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LANG</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-LANGUAGE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-166"></a><a
name="index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-167"></a><a
name="index-LC_005fMESSAGES-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-168"></a><a
name="index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-169"></a><a
name="index-language-of-messages-170"></a><a
name="index-message-language-171"></a><a
name="index-national-language-support-172"></a><a
name="index-translation-of-message-language-173"></a>These variables specify
the locale for the <samp><span class="env">LC_MESSAGES</span></samp> category,
which determines the language that <samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp> uses for messages.
The default ‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale uses
American English messages.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="env">POSIXLY_CORRECT</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-169"></a>If
set, <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> behaves as POSIX requires;
otherwise,
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="env">POSIXLY_CORRECT</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-174"></a>If
set, <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> behaves as POSIX requires;
otherwise,
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> behaves more like other GNU
programs.
POSIX
requires that options that
@@ -836,10 +832,10 @@
by default,
such options are permuted to the front of the operand list
and are treated as options.
-Also, <code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code> disables special handling of an
+Also, <samp><span class="env">POSIXLY_CORRECT</span></samp> disables special
handling of an
invalid bracket expression. See <a
href="#invalid_002dbracket_002dexpr">invalid-bracket-expr</a>.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="env">_</span><var>N</var><span
class="env">_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_005f_0040var_007bN_007d_005fGNU_005fnonoption_005fargv_005fflags_005f-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-170"></a>(Here
<var>N</var> is <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>'s numeric
process ID.)
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="env">_</span><var>N</var><span
class="env">_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_005f_0040var_007bN_007d_005fGNU_005fnonoption_005fargv_005fflags_005f-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-175"></a>(Here
<var>N</var> is <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>'s numeric
process ID.)
If the <var>i</var>th character of this environment variable's value is
‘<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>’,
do not consider the <var>i</var>th operand of <samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp> to be an option,
even if it appears to be one.
@@ -847,7 +843,7 @@
specifying which operands are the results of file name wildcard expansion
and therefore should not be treated as options.
This behavior is available only with the GNU C library,
-and only when <code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code> is not set.
+and only when <samp><span class="env">POSIXLY_CORRECT</span></samp> is not set.
</dl>
@@ -862,17 +858,13 @@
<h3 class="section">2.3 Exit Status</h3>
-<p><a name="index-exit-status-171"></a><a name="index-return-status-172"></a>
-Normally, the exit status is 0 if selected lines are found and 1 otherwise.
-But the exit status is 2 if an error occurred, unless the <samp><span
class="option">-q</span></samp> or
-<samp><span class="option">--quiet</span></samp> or <samp><span
class="option">--silent</span></samp> option is used and a selected line
-is found.
-Note, however, that POSIX only mandates,
-for programs such as <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>,
<samp><span class="command">cmp</span></samp>, and <samp><span
class="command">diff</span></samp>,
-that the exit status in case of error be greater than 1;
-it is therefore advisable, for the sake of portability,
-to use logic that tests for this general condition
-instead of strict equality with 2.
+<p><a name="index-exit-status-176"></a><a name="index-return-status-177"></a>
+Normally the exit status is 0 if a line is selected, 1 if no lines
+were selected, and 2 if an error occurred. However, if the
+<samp><span class="option">-q</span></samp> or <samp><span
class="option">--quiet</span></samp> or <samp><span
class="option">--silent</span></samp> option is used
+and a line is selected, the exit status is 0 even if an error
+occurred. Other <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>
implementations may exit with status
+greater than 2 on error.
<div class="node">
<a name="grep-Programs"></a>
@@ -884,7 +876,7 @@
<h3 class="section">2.4 <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>
Programs</h3>
-<p><a name="index-g_t_0040command_007bgrep_007d-programs-173"></a><a
name="index-variants-of-_0040command_007bgrep_007d-174"></a>
+<p><a name="index-g_t_0040command_007bgrep_007d-programs-178"></a><a
name="index-variants-of-_0040command_007bgrep_007d-179"></a>
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> searches the named input files
for lines containing a match to the given pattern.
By default, <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> prints the matching
lines.
@@ -896,17 +888,17 @@
controlled by the following options.
<dl>
-<dt><samp><span class="option">-G</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="option">--basic-regexp</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dG-175"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dbasic_002dregexp-176"></a><a
name="index-matching-basic-regular-expressions-177"></a>Interpret the pattern
as a basic regular expression (BRE).
+<dt><samp><span class="option">-G</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="option">--basic-regexp</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dG-180"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dbasic_002dregexp-181"></a><a
name="index-matching-basic-regular-expressions-182"></a>Interpret the pattern
as a basic regular expression (BRE).
This is the default.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="option">-E</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="option">--extended-regexp</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dE-178"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dextended_002dregexp-179"></a><a
name="index-matching-extended-regular-expressions-180"></a>Interpret the
pattern as an extended regular expression (ERE).
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="option">-E</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="option">--extended-regexp</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dE-183"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dextended_002dregexp-184"></a><a
name="index-matching-extended-regular-expressions-185"></a>Interpret the
pattern as an extended regular expression (ERE).
(<samp><span class="option">-E</span></samp> is specified by POSIX.)
- <br><dt><samp><span class="option">-F</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="option">--fixed-strings</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dF-181"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dfixed_002dstrings-182"></a><a
name="index-matching-fixed-strings-183"></a>Interpret the pattern as a list of
fixed strings, separated
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="option">-F</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="option">--fixed-strings</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dF-186"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dfixed_002dstrings-187"></a><a
name="index-matching-fixed-strings-188"></a>Interpret the pattern as a list of
fixed strings, separated
by newlines, any of which is to be matched.
(<samp><span class="option">-F</span></samp> is specified by POSIX.)
- <br><dt><samp><span class="option">-P</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="option">--perl-regexp</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dP-184"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dperl_002dregexp-185"></a><a
name="index-matching-Perl-regular-expressions-186"></a>Interpret the pattern as
a Perl regular expression.
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="option">-P</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="option">--perl-regexp</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dP-189"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dperl_002dregexp-190"></a><a
name="index-matching-Perl-regular-expressions-191"></a>Interpret the pattern as
a Perl regular expression.
This is highly experimental and
‘<samp><span class="samp">grep -P</span></samp>’ may warn of
unimplemented features.
@@ -932,7 +924,7 @@
<h2 class="chapter">3 Regular Expressions</h2>
-<p><a name="index-regular-expressions-187"></a>
+<p><a name="index-regular-expressions-192"></a>
A <dfn>regular expression</dfn> is a pattern that describes a set of strings.
Regular expressions are constructed analogously to arithmetic expressions,
by using various operators to combine smaller expressions.
@@ -979,22 +971,22 @@
repetition operators:
<dl>
-<dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002e-188"></a><a name="index-dot-189"></a><a
name="index-period-190"></a>The period ‘<samp><span
class="samp">.</span></samp>’ matches any single character.
+<dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002e-193"></a><a name="index-dot-194"></a><a
name="index-period-195"></a>The period ‘<samp><span
class="samp">.</span></samp>’ matches any single character.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">?</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_003f-191"></a><a name="index-question-mark-192"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-at-most-once-193"></a>The preceding item is
optional and will be matched at most once.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">?</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_003f-196"></a><a name="index-question-mark-197"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-at-most-once-198"></a>The preceding item is
optional and will be matched at most once.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002a-194"></a><a name="index-asterisk-195"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-zero-or-more-times-196"></a>The preceding item
will be matched zero or more times.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002a-199"></a><a name="index-asterisk-200"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-zero-or-more-times-201"></a>The preceding item
will be matched zero or more times.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">+</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002b-197"></a><a name="index-plus-sign-198"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-one-or-more-times-199"></a>The preceding item will
be matched one or more times.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">+</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002b-202"></a><a name="index-plus-sign-203"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-one-or-more-times-204"></a>The preceding item will
be matched one or more times.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">{</span><var>n</var><span
class="samp">}</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_0040_007d-200"></a><a
name="index-braces_002c-one-argument-201"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-_0040var_007bn_007d-times-202"></a>The preceding
item is matched exactly <var>n</var> times.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">{</span><var>n</var><span
class="samp">}</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_0040_007d-205"></a><a
name="index-braces_002c-one-argument-206"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-_0040var_007bn_007d-times-207"></a>The preceding
item is matched exactly <var>n</var> times.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">{</span><var>n</var><span
class="samp">,}</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_002c_0040_007d-203"></a><a
name="index-braces_002c-second-argument-omitted-204"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-_0040var_007bn_007d-or-more-times-205"></a>The
preceding item is matched <var>n</var> or more times.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">{</span><var>n</var><span
class="samp">,}</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_002c_0040_007d-208"></a><a
name="index-braces_002c-second-argument-omitted-209"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-_0040var_007bn_007d-or-more-times-210"></a>The
preceding item is matched <var>n</var> or more times.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">{,</span><var>m</var><span
class="samp">}</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_0040_007b_002c_0040var_007bm_007d_0040_007d-206"></a><a
name="index-braces_002c-first-argument-omitted-207"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-at-most-_0040var_007bm_007d-times-208"></a>The
preceding item is matched at most <var>m</var> times.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">{,</span><var>m</var><span
class="samp">}</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_0040_007b_002c_0040var_007bm_007d_0040_007d-211"></a><a
name="index-braces_002c-first-argument-omitted-212"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-at-most-_0040var_007bm_007d-times-213"></a>The
preceding item is matched at most <var>m</var> times.
This is a GNU extension.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">{</span><var>n</var><span
class="samp">,</span><var>m</var><span
class="samp">}</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_002c_0040var_007bm_007d_0040_007d-209"></a><a
name="index-braces_002c-two-arguments-210"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-from-_0040var_007bn_007d-to-_0040var_007bm_007d-times-211"></a>The
preceding item is matched at least <var>n</var> times, but not more than
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">{</span><var>n</var><span
class="samp">,</span><var>m</var><span
class="samp">}</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_002c_0040var_007bm_007d_0040_007d-214"></a><a
name="index-braces_002c-two-arguments-215"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-from-_0040var_007bn_007d-to-_0040var_007bm_007d-times-216"></a>The
preceding item is matched at least <var>n</var> times, but not more than
<var>m</var> times.
</dl>
@@ -1013,6 +1005,7 @@
which in turn takes precedence over alternation.
A whole expression may be enclosed in parentheses
to override these precedence rules and form a subexpression.
+An unmatched ‘<samp><span class="samp">)</span></samp>’ matches
just itself.
<div class="node">
<a name="Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions"></a>
@@ -1025,7 +1018,7 @@
<h3 class="section">3.2 Character Classes and Bracket Expressions</h3>
-<p><a name="index-bracket-expression-212"></a><a
name="index-character-class-213"></a>A <dfn>bracket expression</dfn> is a list
of characters enclosed by ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[</span></samp>’ and
+<p><a name="index-bracket-expression-217"></a><a
name="index-character-class-218"></a>A <dfn>bracket expression</dfn> is a list
of characters enclosed by ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[</span></samp>’ and
‘<samp><span class="samp">]</span></samp>’.
It matches any single character in that list;
if the first character of the list is the caret ‘<samp><span
class="samp">^</span></samp>’,
@@ -1033,7 +1026,7 @@
For example, the regular expression
‘<samp><span class="samp">[0123456789]</span></samp>’ matches any
single digit.
- <p><a name="index-range-expression-214"></a>Within a bracket expression, a
<dfn>range expression</dfn> consists of two
+ <p><a name="index-range-expression-219"></a>Within a bracket expression, a
<dfn>range expression</dfn> consists of two
characters separated by a hyphen.
It matches any single character that
sorts between the two characters, inclusive.
@@ -1049,52 +1042,54 @@
<p>Finally, certain named classes of characters are predefined within
bracket expressions, as follows.
-Their interpretation depends on the <code>LC_CTYPE</code> locale;
+Their interpretation depends on the <samp><span
class="env">LC_CTYPE</span></samp> locale;
for example, ‘<samp><span class="samp">[[:alnum:]]</span></samp>’
means the character class of numbers and letters
in the current locale.
- <p><a name="index-classes-of-characters-215"></a><a
name="index-character-classes-216"></a>
+ <p><a name="index-classes-of-characters-220"></a><a
name="index-character-classes-221"></a>
<dl>
-<dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">[:alnum:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-alnum-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-217"></a><a
name="index-alphanumeric-characters-218"></a>Alphanumeric characters:
-‘<samp><span class="samp">[:alpha:]</span></samp>’ and
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:digit:]</span></samp>’; in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale and ASCII
character encoding, this is the same as ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[0-9A-Za-z]</span></samp>’.
+<dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">[:alnum:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-alnum-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-222"></a><a
name="index-alphanumeric-characters-223"></a>Alphanumeric characters:
+‘<samp><span class="samp">[:alpha:]</span></samp>’ and
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:digit:]</span></samp>’; in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale and ASCII
+character encoding, this is the same as ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[0-9A-Za-z]</span></samp>’.
+
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:alpha:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-alpha-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-224"></a><a
name="index-alphabetic-characters-225"></a>Alphabetic characters:
+‘<samp><span class="samp">[:lower:]</span></samp>’ and
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:upper:]</span></samp>’; in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale and ASCII
+character encoding, this is the same as ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[A-Za-z]</span></samp>’.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:alpha:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-alpha-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-219"></a><a
name="index-alphabetic-characters-220"></a>Alphabetic characters:
-‘<samp><span class="samp">[:lower:]</span></samp>’ and
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:upper:]</span></samp>’; in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale and ASCII
character encoding, this is the same as ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[A-Za-z]</span></samp>’.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:blank:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-blank-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-221"></a><a
name="index-blank-characters-222"></a>Blank characters:
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:blank:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-blank-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-226"></a><a
name="index-blank-characters-227"></a>Blank characters:
space and tab.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:cntrl:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-cntrl-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-223"></a><a
name="index-control-characters-224"></a>Control characters.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:cntrl:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-cntrl-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-228"></a><a
name="index-control-characters-229"></a>Control characters.
In ASCII, these characters have octal codes 000
-through 037, and 177 (<code>DEL</code>).
+through 037, and 177 (DEL).
In other character sets, these are
the equivalent characters, if any.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:digit:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-digit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-225"></a><a
name="index-digit-characters-226"></a><a
name="index-numeric-characters-227"></a>Digits: <code>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9</code>.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:digit:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-digit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-230"></a><a
name="index-digit-characters-231"></a><a
name="index-numeric-characters-232"></a>Digits: <code>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9</code>.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:graph:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-graph-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-228"></a><a
name="index-graphic-characters-229"></a>Graphical characters:
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:graph:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-graph-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-233"></a><a
name="index-graphic-characters-234"></a>Graphical characters:
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:alnum:]</span></samp>’ and
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:punct:]</span></samp>’.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:lower:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-lower-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-230"></a><a
name="index-lower_002dcase-letters-231"></a>Lower-case letters; in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale and ASCII
character
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:lower:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-lower-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-235"></a><a
name="index-lower_002dcase-letters-236"></a>Lower-case letters; in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale and ASCII
character
encoding, this is
<code>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</code>.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:print:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-print-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-232"></a><a
name="index-printable-characters-233"></a>Printable characters:
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:print:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-print-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-237"></a><a
name="index-printable-characters-238"></a>Printable characters:
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:alnum:]</span></samp>’,
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:punct:]</span></samp>’, and space.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:punct:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-punct-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-234"></a><a
name="index-punctuation-characters-235"></a>Punctuation characters; in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale and ASCII
character
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:punct:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-punct-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-239"></a><a
name="index-punctuation-characters-240"></a>Punctuation characters; in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale and ASCII
character
encoding, this is
<code>! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / : ; < = > ? @ [ \ ] ^ _ ` { | }
~</code>.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:space:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-space-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-236"></a><a
name="index-space-characters-237"></a><a
name="index-whitespace-characters-238"></a>Space characters: in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale, this is
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:space:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-space-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-241"></a><a
name="index-space-characters-242"></a><a
name="index-whitespace-characters-243"></a>Space characters: in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale, this is
tab, newline, vertical tab, form feed, carriage return, and space.
See <a href="#Usage">Usage</a>, for more discussion of matching newlines.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:upper:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-upper-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-239"></a><a
name="index-upper_002dcase-letters-240"></a>Upper-case letters: in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale and ASCII
character
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:upper:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-upper-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-244"></a><a
name="index-upper_002dcase-letters-245"></a>Upper-case letters: in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale and ASCII
character
encoding, this is
<code>A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z</code>.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:xdigit:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-xdigit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-241"></a><a
name="index-xdigit-class-242"></a><a
name="index-hexadecimal-digits-243"></a>Hexadecimal digits:
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:xdigit:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-xdigit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-246"></a><a
name="index-xdigit-class-247"></a><a
name="index-hexadecimal-digits-248"></a>Hexadecimal digits:
<code>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F a b c d e f</code>.
</dl>
@@ -1106,7 +1101,7 @@
GNU <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> prints a diagnostic and
exits with status 2, on
the assumption that you did not intend to search for the nominally
equivalent regular expression: ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:epru]</span></samp>’.
-Set the <code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code> environment variable to disable this
feature.
+Set the <samp><span class="env">POSIXLY_CORRECT</span></samp> environment
variable to disable this feature.
<p>Most meta-characters lose their special meaning inside bracket
expressions.
@@ -1123,7 +1118,8 @@
<br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">=]</span></samp>’<dd>represents the close equivalence class.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:</span></samp>’<dd>represents the open character class
symbol, and should be followed by a valid character class name.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:</span></samp>’<dd>represents the open character class
symbol, and should be followed by a
+valid character class name.
<br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">:]</span></samp>’<dd>represents the close character class
symbol.
@@ -1147,7 +1143,7 @@
<h3 class="section">3.3 The Backslash Character and Special Expressions</h3>
-<p><a name="index-backslash-244"></a>
+<p><a name="index-backslash-249"></a>
The ‘<samp><span class="samp">\</span></samp>’ character,
when followed by certain ordinary characters,
takes a special meaning:
@@ -1185,7 +1181,7 @@
<h3 class="section">3.4 Anchoring</h3>
-<p><a name="index-anchoring-245"></a>
+<p><a name="index-anchoring-250"></a>
The caret ‘<samp><span class="samp">^</span></samp>’ and the
dollar sign ‘<samp><span class="samp">$</span></samp>’ are
meta-characters that
respectively match the empty string at the beginning and end of a line.
They are termed <dfn>anchors</dfn>, since they force the match to be
“anchored”
@@ -1203,7 +1199,7 @@
<h3 class="section">3.5 Back-references and Subexpressions</h3>
-<p><a name="index-subexpression-246"></a><a
name="index-back_002dreference-247"></a>
+<p><a name="index-subexpression-251"></a><a
name="index-back_002dreference-252"></a>
The back-reference ‘<samp><span
class="samp">\</span><var>n</var></samp>’, where <var>n</var> is a single
digit, matches
the substring previously matched by the <var>n</var>th parenthesized
subexpression
of the regular expression.
@@ -1226,13 +1222,13 @@
<h3 class="section">3.6 Basic vs Extended Regular Expressions</h3>
-<p><a name="index-basic-regular-expressions-248"></a>
+<p><a name="index-basic-regular-expressions-253"></a>
In basic regular expressions the meta-characters ‘<samp><span
class="samp">?</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">+</span></samp>’,
‘<samp><span class="samp">{</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">|</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">(</span></samp>’, and ‘<samp><span
class="samp">)</span></samp>’ lose their special meaning;
instead use the backslashed versions ‘<samp><span
class="samp">\?</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">\+</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">\{</span></samp>’,
‘<samp><span class="samp">\|</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">\(</span></samp>’, and ‘<samp><span
class="samp">\)</span></samp>’.
- <p><a name="index-interval-specifications-249"></a>Traditional <samp><span
class="command">egrep</span></samp> did not support the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">{</span></samp>’ meta-character,
+ <p><a name="index-interval-specifications-254"></a>Traditional <samp><span
class="command">egrep</span></samp> did not support the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">{</span></samp>’ meta-character,
and some <samp><span class="command">egrep</span></samp> implementations
support ‘<samp><span class="samp">\{</span></samp>’ instead, so
portable scripts should avoid ‘<samp><span
class="samp">{</span></samp>’ in ‘<samp><span class="samp">grep
-E</span></samp>’ patterns and
should use ‘<samp><span class="samp">[{]</span></samp>’ to match a
literal ‘<samp><span class="samp">{</span></samp>’.
@@ -1257,7 +1253,7 @@
<h2 class="chapter">4 Usage</h2>
-<p><a name="index-usage_002c-examples-250"></a>Here is an example command that
invokes GNU <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>:
+<p><a name="index-usage_002c-examples-255"></a>Here is an example command that
invokes GNU <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>:
<pre class="example"> grep -i 'hello.*world' menu.h main.c
</pre>
@@ -1271,7 +1267,7 @@
See <a href="#Invoking">Invoking</a>, for more details about
how to invoke <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>.
- <p><a name="index-using-_0040command_007bgrep_007d_002c-Q_0026A-251"></a><a
name="index-FAQ-about-_0040command_007bgrep_007d-usage-252"></a>Here are some
common questions and answers about <samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp> usage.
+ <p><a name="index-using-_0040command_007bgrep_007d_002c-Q_0026A-256"></a><a
name="index-FAQ-about-_0040command_007bgrep_007d-usage-257"></a>Here are some
common questions and answers about <samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp> usage.
<ol type=1 start=1>
@@ -1406,7 +1402,7 @@
<pre class="example"> cat /etc/passwd | grep 'alain' - /etc/motd
</pre>
- <li><a name="index-palindromes-253"></a>How to express palindromes in a
regular expression?
+ <li><a name="index-palindromes-258"></a>How to express palindromes in a
regular expression?
<p>It can be done by using back-references;
for example,
@@ -1479,15 +1475,14 @@
<h2 class="chapter">5 Reporting bugs</h2>
-<p><a name="index-bugs_002c-reporting-254"></a>Email bug reports to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>,
-a mailing list whose web page is
-<a
href="http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/bug-grep";>http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/bug-grep</a>.
-The Savannah bug tracker for <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> is
located at
-<a
href="http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?group=grep";>http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?group=grep</a>.
+<p><a name="index-bugs_002c-reporting-259"></a>Bug reports can be found at the
+<a href="http://debbugs.gnu.org/cgi/pkgreport.cgi?package=grep";>GNU bug report
logs for <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp></a>.
+If you find a bug not listed there, please email it to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a> to create a new bug report.
<h3 class="section">5.1 Known Bugs</h3>
-<p><a name="index-Bugs_002c-known-255"></a>
+<p><a name="index-Bugs_002c-known-260"></a>
Large repetition counts in the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">{n,m}</span></samp>’ construct may cause
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> to use lots of memory.
In addition, certain other
@@ -1507,7 +1502,7 @@
<h2 class="chapter">6 Copying</h2>
-<p><a name="index-copying-256"></a>
+<p><a name="index-copying-261"></a>
GNU <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> is licensed under the GNU
GPL, which makes it <dfn>free
software</dfn>.
@@ -1547,8 +1542,7 @@
<!-- This file is intended to be included within another document, -->
<!-- hence no sectioning command or @node. -->
-<pre class="display"> Copyright © 2000-2002, 2007-2008, 2010-2014
Free Software
- Foundation, Inc.
+<pre class="display"> Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free
Software Foundation, Inc.
<a href="http://fsf.org/";>http://fsf.org/</a>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
@@ -1632,16 +1626,16 @@
of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is called
“Opaque”.
<p>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
-<span class="sc">ascii</span> without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input
-format, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or <acronym>XML</acronym> using a publicly
available
-<acronym>DTD</acronym>, and standard-conforming simple <acronym>HTML</acronym>,
-PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> designed for human modification. Examples
-of transparent image formats include <acronym>PNG</acronym>,
<acronym>XCF</acronym> and
-<acronym>JPG</acronym>. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
-read and edited only by proprietary word processors, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or
-<acronym>XML</acronym> for which the <acronym>DTD</acronym> and/or processing
tools are
-not generally available, and the machine-generated <acronym>HTML</acronym>,
-PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> produced by some word processors for
+ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input
+format, SGML or XML using a publicly available
+DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML,
+PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples
+of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and
+JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
+read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
+XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are
+not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML,
+PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for
output purposes only.
<p>The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page
itself,
@@ -2020,10 +2014,10 @@
<h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>
<ul class="index-cp" compact>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002a-194"><code>*</code></a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002b-197"><code>+</code></a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002a-199"><code>*</code></a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002b-202"><code>+</code></a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dafter_002dcontext-77"><code>--after-context</code></a>:
<a href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dbasic_002dregexp-176"><code>--basic-regexp</code></a>:
<a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dbasic_002dregexp-181"><code>--basic-regexp</code></a>:
<a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dbefore_002dcontext-81"><code>--before-context</code></a>:
<a href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dbinary-129"><code>--binary</code></a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dbinary_002dfiles-96"><code>--binary-files</code></a>:
<a href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
@@ -2038,11 +2032,11 @@
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dexclude-105"><code>--exclude</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002ddir-111"><code>--exclude-dir</code></a>:
<a href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002dfrom-108"><code>--exclude-from</code></a>:
<a href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dextended_002dregexp-179"><code>--extended-regexp</code></a>:
<a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dextended_002dregexp-184"><code>--extended-regexp</code></a>:
<a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dfile-11"><code>--file</code></a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dfiles_002dwith_002dmatches-37"><code>--files-with-matches</code></a>:
<a href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dfiles_002dwithout_002dmatch-34"><code>--files-without-match</code></a>:
<a href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dfixed_002dstrings-182"><code>--fixed-strings</code></a>:
<a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dfixed_002dstrings-187"><code>--fixed-strings</code></a>:
<a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dgroup_002dseparator-88"><code>--group-separator</code></a>:
<a href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dhelp-2"><code>--help</code></a>: <a
href="#Generic-Program-Information">Generic Program Information</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dignore_002dcase-15"><code>--ignore-case</code></a>:
<a href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
@@ -2059,7 +2053,7 @@
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dnull-74"><code>--null</code></a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dnull_002ddata-133"><code>--null-data</code></a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002donly_002dmatching-43"><code>--only-matching</code></a>:
<a href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dperl_002dregexp-185"><code>--perl-regexp</code></a>:
<a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dperl_002dregexp-190"><code>--perl-regexp</code></a>:
<a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dquiet-46"><code>--quiet</code></a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002drecursive-117"><code>--recursive</code></a>:
<a href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dregexp_003d_0040var_007bpattern_007d-8"><code>--regexp=</code><var>pattern</var></a>:
<a href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
@@ -2077,11 +2071,11 @@
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dc-27"><code>-c</code></a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dd-101"><code>-d</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dD-98"><code>-D</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dE-178"><code>-E</code></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dE-183"><code>-E</code></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002de-7"><code>-e</code></a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dF-181"><code>-F</code></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dF-186"><code>-F</code></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002df-10"><code>-f</code></a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dG-175"><code>-G</code></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dG-180"><code>-G</code></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dh-58"><code>-h</code></a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dH-55"><code>-H</code></a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002di-13"><code>-i</code></a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
@@ -2091,7 +2085,7 @@
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dn-63"><code>-n</code></a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_0040var_007bnum_007d-86"><code>-</code><var>num</var></a>:
<a href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002do-42"><code>-o</code></a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dP-184"><code>-P</code></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dP-189"><code>-P</code></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dq-45"><code>-q</code></a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dR-121"><code>-R</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dr-116"><code>-r</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
@@ -2106,158 +2100,159 @@
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dy-14"><code>-y</code></a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dz-132"><code>-z</code></a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dZ-73"><code>-Z</code></a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002e-188"><code>.</code></a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_003f-191"><code>?</code></a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_005f_0040var_007bN_007d_005fGNU_005fnonoption_005fargv_005fflags_005f-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-170"><code>_</code><var>N</var><code>_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002e-193"><code>.</code></a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_003f-196"><code>?</code></a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_005f_0040var_007bN_007d_005fGNU_005fnonoption_005fargv_005fflags_005f-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-175"><code>_</code><var>N</var><code>_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-after-context-78">after context</a>: <a
href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-alnum-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-217"><code>alnum
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-alpha-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-219"><code>alpha
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-alphabetic-characters-220">alphabetic characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-alphanumeric-characters-218">alphanumeric characters</a>:
<a href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and
Bracket Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-anchoring-245">anchoring</a>: <a
href="#Anchoring">Anchoring</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-asterisk-195">asterisk</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-back_002dreference-247">back-reference</a>: <a
href="#Back_002dreferences-and-Subexpressions">Back-references and
Subexpressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-backslash-244">backslash</a>: <a
href="#The-Backslash-Character-and-Special-Expressions">The Backslash Character
and Special Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-basic-regular-expressions-248">basic regular
expressions</a>: <a href="#Basic-vs-Extended">Basic vs Extended</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-alnum-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-222"><code>alnum
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-alpha-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-224"><code>alpha
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-alphabetic-characters-225">alphabetic characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-alphanumeric-characters-223">alphanumeric characters</a>:
<a href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and
Bracket Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-anchoring-250">anchoring</a>: <a
href="#Anchoring">Anchoring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-asterisk-200">asterisk</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-back_002dreference-252">back-reference</a>: <a
href="#Back_002dreferences-and-Subexpressions">Back-references and
Subexpressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-backslash-249">backslash</a>: <a
href="#The-Backslash-Character-and-Special-Expressions">The Backslash Character
and Special Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-basic-regular-expressions-253">basic regular
expressions</a>: <a href="#Basic-vs-Extended">Basic vs Extended</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-before-context-82">before context</a>: <a
href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-binary-files-95">binary files</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-binary-files_002c-MS_002dDOS_002fMS_002dWindows-131">binary files,
MS-DOS/MS-Windows</a>: <a href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-blank-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-221"><code>blank
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-blank-characters-222">blank characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-bn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-150"><code>bn
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-braces_002c-first-argument-omitted-207">braces, first
argument omitted</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-braces_002c-one-argument-201">braces, one argument</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-braces_002c-second-argument-omitted-204">braces, second
argument omitted</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-braces_002c-two-arguments-210">braces, two arguments</a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-bracket-expression-212">bracket expression</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-Bugs_002c-known-255">Bugs, known</a>: <a
href="#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-bugs_002c-reporting-254">bugs, reporting</a>: <a
href="#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-blank-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-226"><code>blank
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-blank-characters-227">blank characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-bn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-154"><code>bn
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-braces_002c-first-argument-omitted-212">braces, first
argument omitted</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-braces_002c-one-argument-206">braces, one argument</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-braces_002c-second-argument-omitted-209">braces, second
argument omitted</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-braces_002c-two-arguments-215">braces, two arguments</a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-bracket-expression-217">bracket expression</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-Bugs_002c-known-260">Bugs, known</a>: <a
href="#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-bugs_002c-reporting-259">bugs, reporting</a>: <a
href="#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-byte-offset-54">byte offset</a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-byte-offsets_002c-on-MS_002dDOS_002fMS_002dWindows-72">byte
offsets, on MS-DOS/MS-Windows</a>: <a href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output
Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-case-insensitive-search-16">case insensitive search</a>:
<a href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-changing-name-of-standard-input-62">changing name of
standard input</a>: <a href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix
Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-character-class-213">character class</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-character-classes-216">character classes</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-character-type-156">character type</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-classes-of-characters-215">classes of characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-cntrl-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-223"><code>cntrl
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-character-class-218">character class</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-character-classes-221">character classes</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-character-type-160">character type</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-classes-of-characters-220">classes of characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-cntrl-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-228"><code>cntrl
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-context-87">context</a>: <a
href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-context-lines_002c-after-match-79">context lines, after
match</a>: <a href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-context-lines_002c-before-match-83">context lines, before
match</a>: <a href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-control-characters-224">control characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-copying-256">copying</a>: <a
href="#Copying">Copying</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-control-characters-229">control characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-copying-261">copying</a>: <a
href="#Copying">Copying</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-counting-lines-29">counting lines</a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-cx-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-143"><code>cx
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-default-options-environment-variable-137">default options
environment variable</a>: <a href="#Environment-Variables">Environment
Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-cx-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-147"><code>cx
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-default-options-environment-variable-141">default options
environment variable</a>: <a href="#Environment-Variables">Environment
Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-device-search-100">device search</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-digit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-225"><code>digit
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-digit-characters-226">digit characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-digit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-230"><code>digit
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-digit-characters-231">digit characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-directory-search-103">directory search</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-dot-189">dot</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-environment-variables-135">environment variables</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-dot-194">dot</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-environment-variables-139">environment variables</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-exclude-directories-112">exclude directories</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-exclude-files-106">exclude files</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-exit-status-171">exit status</a>: <a
href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-FAQ-about-_0040command_007bgrep_007d-usage-252">FAQ about
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> usage</a>: <a
href="#Usage">Usage</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-exit-status-176">exit status</a>: <a
href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-FAQ-about-_0040command_007bgrep_007d-usage-257">FAQ about
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> usage</a>: <a
href="#Usage">Usage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-files-which-don_0027t-match-35">files which don't
match</a>: <a href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-fn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-148"><code>fn
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-graph-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-228"><code>graph
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-graphic-characters-229">graphic characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040command_007bgrep_007d-programs-173"><samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp> programs</a>: <a href="#grep-Programs">grep
Programs</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-GREP_005fCOLOR-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-138"><code>GREP_COLOR
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-140"><code>GREP_COLORS
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-GREP_005fOPTIONS-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-136"><code>GREP_OPTIONS
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-fn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-152"><code>fn
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-graph-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-233"><code>graph
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-graphic-characters-234">graphic characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040command_007bgrep_007d-programs-178"><samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp> programs</a>: <a href="#grep-Programs">grep
Programs</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-GREP_005fCOLOR-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-142"><code>GREP_COLOR
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-144"><code>GREP_COLORS
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-GREP_005fOPTIONS-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-140"><code>GREP_OPTIONS
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-group-separator-89">group separator</a>: <a
href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-hexadecimal-digits-243">hexadecimal digits</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-highlight-markers-139">highlight markers</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-hexadecimal-digits-248">hexadecimal digits</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-highlight-markers-143">highlight markers</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-highlight_002c-color_002c-colour-32">highlight, color,
colour</a>: <a href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-include-files-114">include files</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-interval-specifications-249">interval specifications</a>:
<a href="#Basic-vs-Extended">Basic vs Extended</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-interval-specifications-254">interval specifications</a>:
<a href="#Basic-vs-Extended">Basic vs Extended</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-invert-matching-19">invert matching</a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-155"><code>LANG
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-language-of-messages-165">language of messages</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-153"><code>LC_ALL
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-LC_005fCOLLATE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-154"><code>LC_COLLATE
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-LC_005fCTYPE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-160"><code>LC_CTYPE
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-163"><code>LC_MESSAGES
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-138"><code>LANG
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-LANGUAGE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-135"><code>LANGUAGE
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-language-of-messages-170">language of messages</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-136"><code>LC_ALL
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-LC_005fCOLLATE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-158"><code>LC_COLLATE
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-LC_005fCTYPE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-164"><code>LC_CTYPE
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-137"><code>LC_MESSAGES
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-line-buffering-127">line buffering</a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-line-numbering-65">line numbering</a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-ln-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-149"><code>ln
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-lower-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-230"><code>lower
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-lower_002dcase-letters-231">lower-case letters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-match-expression-at-most-_0040var_007bm_007d-times-208">match
expression at most <var>m</var> times</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-match-expression-at-most-once-193">match expression at
most once</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-match-expression-from-_0040var_007bn_007d-to-_0040var_007bm_007d-times-211">match
expression from <var>n</var> to <var>m</var> times</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-match-expression-_0040var_007bn_007d-or-more-times-205">match
expression <var>n</var> or more times</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-match-expression-_0040var_007bn_007d-times-202">match
expression <var>n</var> times</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-match-expression-one-or-more-times-199">match expression
one or more times</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-match-expression-zero-or-more-times-196">match expression
zero or more times</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-ln-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-153"><code>ln
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-lower-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-235"><code>lower
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-lower_002dcase-letters-236">lower-case letters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-match-expression-at-most-_0040var_007bm_007d-times-213">match
expression at most <var>m</var> times</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-match-expression-at-most-once-198">match expression at
most once</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-match-expression-from-_0040var_007bn_007d-to-_0040var_007bm_007d-times-216">match
expression from <var>n</var> to <var>m</var> times</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-match-expression-_0040var_007bn_007d-or-more-times-210">match
expression <var>n</var> or more times</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-match-expression-_0040var_007bn_007d-times-207">match
expression <var>n</var> times</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-match-expression-one-or-more-times-204">match expression
one or more times</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-match-expression-zero-or-more-times-201">match expression
zero or more times</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-match-the-whole-line-26">match the whole line</a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-matching-basic-regular-expressions-177">matching basic
regular expressions</a>: <a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-matching-extended-regular-expressions-180">matching
extended regular expressions</a>: <a href="#grep-Programs">grep
Programs</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-matching-fixed-strings-183">matching fixed strings</a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-matching-Perl-regular-expressions-186">matching Perl
regular expressions</a>: <a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-matching-basic-regular-expressions-182">matching basic
regular expressions</a>: <a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-matching-extended-regular-expressions-185">matching
extended regular expressions</a>: <a href="#grep-Programs">grep
Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-matching-fixed-strings-188">matching fixed strings</a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-matching-Perl-regular-expressions-191">matching Perl
regular expressions</a>: <a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-matching-whole-words-23">matching whole words</a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-max_002dcount-41">max-count</a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-mc-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-147"><code>mc
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-message-language-166">message language</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-ms-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-146"><code>ms
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-mc-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-151"><code>mc
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-message-language-171">message language</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-ms-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-150"><code>ms
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-MS_002dDOS_002fMS_002dWindows-binary-files-130">MS-DOS/MS-Windows
binary files</a>: <a href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-MS_002dDOS_002fMS_002dWindows-byte-offsets-71">MS-DOS/MS-Windows
byte offsets</a>: <a href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix
Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-mt-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-145"><code>mt
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-mt-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-149"><code>mt
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-names-of-matching-files-38">names of matching files</a>:
<a href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-national-language-support-157">national language
support</a>: <a href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-ne-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-152"><code>ne
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-NLS-158">NLS</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-national-language-support-161">national language
support</a>: <a href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-ne-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-156"><code>ne
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-NLS-162">NLS</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-no-filename-prefix-60">no filename prefix</a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-numeric-characters-227">numeric characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-numeric-characters-232">numeric characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-only-matching-44">only matching</a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-palindromes-253">palindromes</a>: <a
href="#Usage">Usage</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-palindromes-258">palindromes</a>: <a
href="#Usage">Usage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pattern-from-file-12">pattern from file</a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pattern-list-9">pattern list</a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-period-190">period</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-plus-sign-198">plus sign</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-169"><code>POSIXLY_CORRECT
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-print-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-232"><code>print
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-period-195">period</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-plus-sign-203">plus sign</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-174"><code>POSIXLY_CORRECT
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-print-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-237"><code>print
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-print-non_002dmatching-lines-20">print non-matching
lines</a>: <a href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-printable-characters-233">printable characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-punct-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-234"><code>punct
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-punctuation-characters-235">punctuation characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-question-mark-192">question mark</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-printable-characters-238">printable characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-punct-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-239"><code>punct
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-punctuation-characters-240">punctuation characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-question-mark-197">question mark</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-quiet_002c-silent-48">quiet, silent</a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-range-expression-214">range expression</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-range-expression-219">range expression</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-recursive-search-118">recursive search</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-regular-expressions-187">regular expressions</a>: <a
href="#Regular-Expressions">Regular Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-return-status-172">return status</a>: <a
href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-rv-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-144"><code>rv
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-regular-expressions-192">regular expressions</a>: <a
href="#Regular-Expressions">Regular Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-return-status-177">return status</a>: <a
href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-rv-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-148"><code>rv
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-searching-directory-trees-107">searching directory
trees</a>: <a href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory
Selection</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-searching-for-a-pattern-1">searching for a pattern</a>: <a
href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-sl-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-142"><code>sl
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-space-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-236"><code>space
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-space-characters-237">space characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-subexpression-246">subexpression</a>: <a
href="#Back_002dreferences-and-Subexpressions">Back-references and
Subexpressions</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-sl-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-146"><code>sl
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-space-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-241"><code>space
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-space-characters-242">space characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-subexpression-251">subexpression</a>: <a
href="#Back_002dreferences-and-Subexpressions">Back-references and
Subexpressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-suppress-binary-data-94">suppress binary data</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-suppress-error-messages-51">suppress error messages</a>:
<a href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-symbolic-links-104">symbolic links</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tab_002daligned-content-lines-68">tab-aligned content
lines</a>: <a href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix
Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-translation-of-message-language-168">translation of
message language</a>: <a href="#Environment-Variables">Environment
Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-upper-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-239"><code>upper
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-upper_002dcase-letters-240">upper-case letters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-translation-of-message-language-173">translation of
message language</a>: <a href="#Environment-Variables">Environment
Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-upper-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-244"><code>upper
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-upper_002dcase-letters-245">upper-case letters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-usage-summary_002c-printing-3">usage summary,
printing</a>: <a href="#Generic-Program-Information">Generic Program
Information</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-usage_002c-examples-250">usage, examples</a>: <a
href="#Usage">Usage</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-using-_0040command_007bgrep_007d_002c-Q_0026A-251">using
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>, Q&A</a>: <a
href="#Usage">Usage</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-variants-of-_0040command_007bgrep_007d-174">variants of
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-usage_002c-examples-255">usage, examples</a>: <a
href="#Usage">Usage</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-using-_0040command_007bgrep_007d_002c-Q_0026A-256">using
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>, Q&A</a>: <a
href="#Usage">Usage</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-variants-of-_0040command_007bgrep_007d-179">variants of
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-version_002c-printing-6">version, printing</a>: <a
href="#Generic-Program-Information">Generic Program Information</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-whitespace-characters-238">whitespace characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-whitespace-characters-243">whitespace characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-with-filename-prefix-57">with filename prefix</a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-xdigit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-241"><code>xdigit
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-xdigit-class-242">xdigit class</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-xdigit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-246"><code>xdigit
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-xdigit-class-247">xdigit class</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-zero_002dterminated-file-names-75">zero-terminated file
names</a>: <a href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix
Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-zero_002dterminated-lines-134">zero-terminated lines</a>:
<a href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040_007b_002c_0040var_007bm_007d_0040_007d-206"><code>{,</code><var>m</var><code>}</code></a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_002c_0040var_007bm_007d_0040_007d-209"><code>{</code><var>n</var><code>,</code><var>m</var><code>}</code></a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_002c_0040_007d-203"><code>{</code><var>n</var><code>,}</code></a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_0040_007d-200"><code>{</code><var>n</var><code>}</code></a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040_007b_002c_0040var_007bm_007d_0040_007d-211"><code>{,</code><var>m</var><code>}</code></a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_002c_0040var_007bm_007d_0040_007d-214"><code>{</code><var>n</var><code>,</code><var>m</var><code>}</code></a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_002c_0040_007d-208"><code>{</code><var>n</var><code>,}</code></a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_0040_007d-205"><code>{</code><var>n</var><code>}</code></a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
</ul><div class="footnote">
<hr>
<a name="texinfo-footnotes-in-document"></a><h4>Footnotes</h4><p
class="footnote"><small>[<a name="fn-1" href="#fnd-1">1</a>]</small> Of course,
7th Edition
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Jim Meyering <=