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[gawk-diffs] [SCM] gawk branch, master, updated. 34e5e4114f8d7d9fe421a11
|
From: |
Arnold Robbins |
|
Subject: |
[gawk-diffs] [SCM] gawk branch, master, updated. 34e5e4114f8d7d9fe421a113698edec05dc95a15 |
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Date: |
Wed, 17 Apr 2013 17:53:33 +0000 |
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- Log -----------------------------------------------------------------
http://git.sv.gnu.org/cgit/gawk.git/commit/?id=34e5e4114f8d7d9fe421a113698edec05dc95a15
commit 34e5e4114f8d7d9fe421a113698edec05dc95a15
Author: Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
Date: Wed Apr 17 20:53:13 2013 +0300
Configuration fix for Cygwin.
diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index 458fb56..a131f4a 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+2013-04-17 Corinna Vinschen <address@hidden>
+
+ * configure.ac: Remove special casing for cygwin for libiconv
+ and libintl.
+
2013-04-16 Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
* bootstrap.sh: Touch gawk.texi too. Update copyright.
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index 73edd29..06d89d2 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -5936,15 +5936,6 @@ ac_link='$CC -o conftest$ac_exeext $CFLAGS $CPPFLAGS
$LDFLAGS conftest.$ac_ext $
ac_compiler_gnu=$ac_cv_c_compiler_gnu
-case `(uname) 2> /dev/null` in
-*CYGWIN*)
- with_libiconv_prefix=no
- with_libintl_prefix=no
- ;;
-*)
- ;;
-esac
-
{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking whether NLS is requested"
>&5
$as_echo_n "checking whether NLS is requested... " >&6; }
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index 42b8454..6899854 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -129,17 +129,6 @@ dnl Set the programming language for checks. Fortunately,
dnl this only needs to be set once, since everything is in C.
AC_LANG([C])
-dnl Cygwin doesn't like to get libs with full paths
-dnl since that overrides linking against DLLs.
-case `(uname) 2> /dev/null` in
-*CYGWIN*)
- with_libiconv_prefix=no
- with_libintl_prefix=no
- ;;
-*)
- ;;
-esac
-
dnl initialize GNU gettext
AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external])
AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION([0.18.1])
http://git.sv.gnu.org/cgit/gawk.git/commit/?id=2cc5fc89122ca058bccb2f9652b4b4c1f89f7be6
commit 2cc5fc89122ca058bccb2f9652b4b4c1f89f7be6
Author: Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
Date: Wed Apr 17 20:50:55 2013 +0300
Fix extensions to link with LTLIBINTL.
diff --git a/extension/ChangeLog b/extension/ChangeLog
index 950c6ce..b893ee1 100644
--- a/extension/ChangeLog
+++ b/extension/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+2013-04-17 Corinna Vinschen <address@hidden>
+
+ * Makefile.am (MY_LIBS): Use $(LTLIBINTL) since we use libtool,
+ not LIBINTL.
+
2013-04-16 Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
* filefuncs.c, fnmatch.c, fork.c, ordchr.c, readdir.c, readfile.c,
diff --git a/extension/Makefile.am b/extension/Makefile.am
index d048497..b51b6c0 100644
--- a/extension/Makefile.am
+++ b/extension/Makefile.am
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ pkgextension_LTLIBRARIES = \
MY_MODULE_FLAGS = -module -avoid-version -no-undefined
# on Cygwin, gettext requires that we link with -lintl
-MY_LIBS = $(LIBINTL)
+MY_LIBS = $(LTLIBINTL)
filefuncs_la_SOURCES = filefuncs.c stack.h stack.c gawkfts.h \
gawkfts.c gawkdirfd.h
diff --git a/extension/Makefile.in b/extension/Makefile.in
index 84be843..1bd4750 100644
--- a/extension/Makefile.in
+++ b/extension/Makefile.in
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ pkgextension_LTLIBRARIES = \
MY_MODULE_FLAGS = -module -avoid-version -no-undefined
# on Cygwin, gettext requires that we link with -lintl
-MY_LIBS = $(LIBINTL)
+MY_LIBS = $(LTLIBINTL)
filefuncs_la_SOURCES = filefuncs.c stack.h stack.c gawkfts.h \
gawkfts.c gawkdirfd.h
http://git.sv.gnu.org/cgit/gawk.git/commit/?id=0238ddd5dfd879ca5f87b1e0ba17783b648dbffd
commit 0238ddd5dfd879ca5f87b1e0ba17783b648dbffd
Author: Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
Date: Wed Apr 17 20:45:21 2013 +0300
Minor fix for doc for building out of source dir.
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog b/doc/ChangeLog
index f3c85db..3b7c32a 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+2013-04-17 Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
+
+ * Makefile.am (gawk.ps, gawkinet.ps): Set TEXINPUTS to point
+ at $(srcdir) to be able to include various figures if doing a
+ build not in the source directory.
+
2013-04-16 Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
* gawkman.texi: New file. This is now the real source for the
diff --git a/doc/Makefile.am b/doc/Makefile.am
index e16e28e..5d015c7 100644
--- a/doc/Makefile.am
+++ b/doc/Makefile.am
@@ -78,10 +78,10 @@ postscript: gawk.ps gawkinet.ps gawk.1.ps igawk.1.ps
$(AWKCARD)
pdf: postscript gawk.pdf gawkinet.pdf awkcard.pdf gawk.1.pdf igawk.1.pdf
gawk.ps: gawk.dvi
- dvips -o gawk.ps gawk.dvi
+ TEXINPUTS=$(srcdir): dvips -o gawk.ps gawk.dvi
gawkinet.ps: gawkinet.dvi
- dvips -o gawkinet.ps gawkinet.dvi
+ TEXINPUTS=$(srcdir): dvips -o gawkinet.ps gawkinet.dvi
gawk.1.ps: gawk.1
-groff -man $(srcdir)/gawk.1 > gawk.1.ps
diff --git a/doc/Makefile.in b/doc/Makefile.in
index e285de8..2659655 100644
--- a/doc/Makefile.in
+++ b/doc/Makefile.in
@@ -844,10 +844,10 @@ postscript: gawk.ps gawkinet.ps gawk.1.ps igawk.1.ps
$(AWKCARD)
pdf: postscript gawk.pdf gawkinet.pdf awkcard.pdf gawk.1.pdf igawk.1.pdf
gawk.ps: gawk.dvi
- dvips -o gawk.ps gawk.dvi
+ TEXINPUTS=$(srcdir): dvips -o gawk.ps gawk.dvi
gawkinet.ps: gawkinet.dvi
- dvips -o gawkinet.ps gawkinet.dvi
+ TEXINPUTS=$(srcdir): dvips -o gawkinet.ps gawkinet.dvi
gawk.1.ps: gawk.1
-groff -man $(srcdir)/gawk.1 > gawk.1.ps
http://git.sv.gnu.org/cgit/gawk.git/commit/?id=e526c12acdeff316957c2fd5935b36172a61620f
commit e526c12acdeff316957c2fd5935b36172a61620f
Author: Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
Date: Tue Apr 16 22:07:39 2013 +0300
Add support for sidebars in the doc.
diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index 0b71c91..458fb56 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
2013-04-16 Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
+ * bootstrap.sh: Touch gawk.texi too. Update copyright.
+
+2013-04-16 Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
+
* awkgram.c: Regenerated from bison 2.7.1.
* command.c: Ditto.
* dfa.h, dfa.c: Minor edits to sync with GNU grep.
diff --git a/bootstrap.sh b/bootstrap.sh
index 700babe..cd6ed10 100755
--- a/bootstrap.sh
+++ b/bootstrap.sh
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
# bootstrap.sh --- touch relevant files to avoid out-of-date issues in
# Git sandboxes
-# Copyright (C) 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# Copyright (C) 2007, 2009-2013 the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
#
# This file is part of GAWK, the GNU implementation of the
# AWK Programming Language.
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ touch extension/configh.in
sleep 1
touch test/Maketests
find . -name Makefile.in -print | xargs touch
+touch doc/gawk.texi # make later than gawkman.texi
+sleep 1
touch doc/*.info
touch po/*.gmo
touch po/stamp-po
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog b/doc/ChangeLog
index 37b3156..f3c85db 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
2013-04-16 Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
+ * gawkman.texi: New file. This is now the real source for the
+ manual and gawk.texi is generated from it.
+ * sidebar.awk: New file to DTRT for sidebars in the manual.
+ * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Update.
+ (gawk.texi): Add new rule to create / update it if necessary.
+
+2013-04-16 Arnold D. Robbins <address@hidden>
+
* gawk.texi: Pretty much finish cleanup. Move i18n chapter to
after advanced features chapter.
* texinfo.tex: Updated to current in texinfo SVN.
diff --git a/doc/Makefile.am b/doc/Makefile.am
index dfdec72..e16e28e 100644
--- a/doc/Makefile.am
+++ b/doc/Makefile.am
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ EXTRA_DIST = ChangeLog ChangeLog.0 README.card ad.block
setter.outline \
api-figure2.png api-figure2.txt \
api-figure3.eps api-figure3.fig api-figure3.pdf \
api-figure3.png api-figure3.txt \
+ gawkman.texi sidebar.awk \
general-program.eps general-program.fig general-program.pdf \
general-program.png general-program.txt \
process-flow.eps process-flow.fig process-flow.pdf \
@@ -69,6 +70,9 @@ AWKCARD = awkcard.ps
# to ensure that awkcard.tr is processed by tbl.
#AWKCARD = awkcard.nc
+gawk.texi: $(srcdir)/gawkman.texi $(srcdir)/sidebar.awk
+ awk -f $(srcdir)/sidebar.awk < $(srcdir)/gawkman.texi > gawk.texi
+
postscript: gawk.ps gawkinet.ps gawk.1.ps igawk.1.ps $(AWKCARD)
pdf: postscript gawk.pdf gawkinet.pdf awkcard.pdf gawk.1.pdf igawk.1.pdf
diff --git a/doc/Makefile.in b/doc/Makefile.in
index 1dae6d5..e285de8 100644
--- a/doc/Makefile.in
+++ b/doc/Makefile.in
@@ -322,6 +322,7 @@ EXTRA_DIST = ChangeLog ChangeLog.0 README.card ad.block
setter.outline \
api-figure2.png api-figure2.txt \
api-figure3.eps api-figure3.fig api-figure3.pdf \
api-figure3.png api-figure3.txt \
+ gawkman.texi sidebar.awk \
general-program.eps general-program.fig general-program.pdf \
general-program.png general-program.txt \
process-flow.eps process-flow.fig process-flow.pdf \
@@ -835,6 +836,9 @@ uninstall-man: uninstall-man1
# to ensure that awkcard.tr is processed by tbl.
#AWKCARD = awkcard.nc
+gawk.texi: $(srcdir)/gawkman.texi $(srcdir)/sidebar.awk
+ awk -f $(srcdir)/sidebar.awk < $(srcdir)/gawkman.texi > gawk.texi
+
postscript: gawk.ps gawkinet.ps gawk.1.ps igawk.1.ps $(AWKCARD)
pdf: postscript gawk.pdf gawkinet.pdf awkcard.pdf gawk.1.pdf igawk.1.pdf
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info
index 2d1ee6c..afe757c 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.info
+++ b/doc/gawk.info
@@ -832,11 +832,11 @@ History of `awk' and `gawk'
1 part `egrep' 1 part `snobol'
2 parts `ed' 3 parts C
- Blend all parts well using `lex' and `yacc'. Document minimally
- and release.
+ Blend all parts well using `lex' and `yacc'. Document minimally and
+release.
- After eight years, add another part `egrep' and two more parts C.
- Document very well and release.
+ After eight years, add another part `egrep' and two more parts C.
+Document very well and release.
The name `awk' comes from the initials of its designers: Alfred V.
Aho, Peter J. Weinberger and Brian W. Kernighan. The original version
@@ -928,11 +928,10 @@ differences between `gawk' and other `awk'
implementations.(1) Finally,
any `gawk' features that are not in the POSIX standard for `awk' are
noted.
- There are subsections labeled as *Advanced Notes* scattered
-throughout the Info file. They add a more complete explanation of
-points that are relevant, but not likely to be of interest on first
-reading. All appear in the index, under the heading "advanced
-features."
+ There are sidebars scattered throughout the Info file. They add a
+more complete explanation of points that are relevant, but not likely
+to be of interest on first reading. All appear in the index, under the
+heading "sidebar."
Most of the time, the examples use complete `awk' programs. Some of
the more advanced sections show only the part of the `awk' program that
@@ -1530,11 +1529,10 @@ at the shell.)
program that users can invoke without their having to know that the
program is written in `awk'.
-Advanced Notes: Portability Issues with `#!'
---------------------------------------------
+ Portability Issues with `#!'
-Some systems limit the length of the interpreter name to 32 characters.
-Often, this can be dealt with by using a symbolic link.
+ Some systems limit the length of the interpreter name to 32
+characters. Often, this can be dealt with by using a symbolic link.
You should not put more than one argument on the `#!' line after the
path to `awk'. It does not work. The operating system treats the rest
@@ -3259,11 +3257,10 @@ character not shown in the previous list.
* A backslash before any other character means to treat that
character literally.
-Advanced Notes: Backslash Before Regular Characters
----------------------------------------------------
+ Backslash Before Regular Characters
-If you place a backslash in a string constant before something that is
-not one of the characters previously listed, POSIX `awk' purposely
+ If you place a backslash in a string constant before something that
+is not one of the characters previously listed, POSIX `awk' purposely
leaves what happens as undefined. There are two choices:
Strip the backslash out
@@ -3278,10 +3275,9 @@ Leave the backslash alone
Some other `awk' implementations do this. In such
implementations, typing `"a\qc"' is the same as typing `"a\\qc"'.
-Advanced Notes: Escape Sequences for Metacharacters
----------------------------------------------------
+ Escape Sequences for Metacharacters
-Suppose you use an octal or hexadecimal escape to represent a regexp
+ Suppose you use an octal or hexadecimal escape to represent a regexp
metacharacter. (See *note Regexp Operators::.) Does `awk' treat the
character as a literal character or as a regexp operator?
@@ -3823,11 +3819,10 @@ constants," for several reasons:
* Using regexp constants is better form; it shows clearly that you
intend a regexp match.
-Advanced Notes: Using `\n' in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps
---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Using `\n' in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps
-Some commercial versions of `awk' do not allow the newline character to
-be used inside a bracket expression for a dynamic regexp:
+ Some commercial versions of `awk' do not allow the newline character
+to be used inside a bracket expression for a dynamic regexp:
$ awk '$0 ~ "[ \t\n]"'
error--> awk: newline in character class [
@@ -4064,10 +4059,9 @@ that this will never happen.
Options::). In compatibility mode, only the first character of the
value of `RS' is used to determine the end of the record.
-Advanced Notes: `RS = "\0"' Is Not Portable
--------------------------------------------
+ `RS = "\0"' Is Not Portable
-There are times when you might want to treat an entire data file as a
+ There are times when you might want to treat an entire data file as a
single record. The only way to make this happen is to give `RS' a
value that you know doesn't occur in the input file. This is hard to
do in a general way, such that a program always works for arbitrary
@@ -4347,11 +4341,10 @@ fields using the _current_ value of `FS'. This also
applies to any
built-in function that updates `$0', such as `sub()' and `gsub()'
(*note String Functions::).
-Advanced Notes: Understanding `$0'
-----------------------------------
+ Understanding `$0'
-It is important to remember that `$0' is the _full_ record, exactly as
-it was read from the input. This includes any leading or trailing
+ It is important to remember that `$0' is the _full_ record, exactly
+as it was read from the input. This includes any leading or trailing
whitespace, and the exact whitespace (or other characters) that
separate the fields.
@@ -4680,14 +4673,13 @@ value of `FS' (`==' means "is equal to"):
(This is a `gawk' extension; it is not specified by the POSIX
standard.)
-Advanced Notes: Changing `FS' Does Not Affect the Fields
---------------------------------------------------------
+ Changing `FS' Does Not Affect the Fields
-According to the POSIX standard, `awk' is supposed to behave as if each
-record is split into fields at the time it is read. In particular,
-this means that if you change the value of `FS' after a record is read,
-the value of the fields (i.e., how they were split) should reflect the
-old value of `FS', not the new one.
+ According to the POSIX standard, `awk' is supposed to behave as if
+each record is split into fields at the time it is read. In
+particular, this means that if you change the value of `FS' after a
+record is read, the value of the fields (i.e., how they were split)
+should reflect the old value of `FS', not the new one.
However, many older implementations of `awk' do not work this way.
Instead, they defer splitting the fields until a field is actually
@@ -4707,10 +4699,9 @@ like:
root:nSijPlPhZZwgE:0:0:Root:/:
-Advanced Notes: `FS' and `IGNORECASE'
--------------------------------------
+ `FS' and `IGNORECASE'
-The `IGNORECASE' variable (*note User-modified::) affects field
+ The `IGNORECASE' variable (*note User-modified::) affects field
splitting _only_ when the value of `FS' is a regexp. It has no effect
when `FS' is a single character, even if that character is a letter.
Thus, in the following code:
@@ -6385,14 +6376,13 @@ an `awk' program may have open to just one! In `gawk',
there is no
such limit. `gawk' allows a program to open as many pipelines as the
underlying operating system permits.
-Advanced Notes: Piping into `sh'
---------------------------------
+ Piping into `sh'
-A particularly powerful way to use redirection is to build command lines
-and pipe them into the shell, `sh'. For example, suppose you have a
-list of files brought over from a system where all the file names are
-stored in uppercase, and you wish to rename them to have names in all
-lowercase. The following program is both simple and efficient:
+ A particularly powerful way to use redirection is to build command
+lines and pipe them into the shell, `sh'. For example, suppose you
+have a list of files brought over from a system where all the file names
+are stored in uppercase, and you wish to rename them to have names in
+all lowercase. The following program is both simple and efficient:
{ printf("mv %s %s\n", $0, tolower($0)) | "sh" }
@@ -6670,10 +6660,9 @@ The second argument should be a string, with either of
the values
feature, a more complete discussion is delayed until *note Two-way
I/O::, which discusses it in more detail and gives an example.
-Advanced Notes: Using `close()''s Return Value
-----------------------------------------------
+ Using `close()''s Return Value
-In many versions of Unix `awk', the `close()' function is actually a
+ In many versions of Unix `awk', the `close()' function is actually a
statement. It is a syntax error to try and use the return value from
`close()': (d.c.)
@@ -6870,10 +6859,9 @@ octal constants; e.g., `gawk' treats `018' as decimal 18:
If `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note Options::), they are not
available.
-Advanced Notes: A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value
------------------------------------------------------------
+ A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value
-Once a numeric constant has been converted internally into a number,
+ Once a numeric constant has been converted internally into a number,
`gawk' no longer remembers what the original form of the constant was;
the internal value is always used. This has particular consequences
for conversion of numbers to strings:
@@ -7539,12 +7527,11 @@ Table 6.2: Arithmetic Assignment Operators
NOTE: Only the `^=' operator is specified by POSIX. For maximum
portability, do not use the `**=' operator.
-Advanced Notes: Syntactic Ambiguities Between `/=' and Regular Expressions
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Syntactic Ambiguities Between `/=' and Regular Expressions
-There is a syntactic ambiguity between the `/=' assignment operator and
-regexp constants whose first character is an `='. (d.c.) This is most
-notable in some commercial `awk' versions. For example:
+ There is a syntactic ambiguity between the `/=' assignment operator
+and regexp constants whose first character is an `='. (d.c.) This is
+most notable in some commercial `awk' versions. For example:
$ awk /==/ /dev/null
error--> awk: syntax error at source line 1
@@ -7617,8 +7604,7 @@ is a summary of increment and decrement expressions:
of the expression. (This expression is like `LVALUE++', but
instead of adding, it subtracts.)
-Advanced Notes: Operator Evaluation Order
------------------------------------------
+ Operator Evaluation Order
Doctor, doctor! It hurts when I do this!
So don't do that!
@@ -9925,14 +9911,13 @@ with a pound sign (`#').
neither `FUNCTAB' nor `SYMTAB' are available as elements
within the `SYMTAB' array.
-Advanced Notes: Changing `NR' and `FNR'
----------------------------------------
+ Changing `NR' and `FNR'
-`awk' increments `NR' and `FNR' each time it reads a record, instead of
-setting them to the absolute value of the number of records read. This
-means that a program can change these variables and their new values
-are incremented for each record. (d.c.) The following example shows
-this:
+ `awk' increments `NR' and `FNR' each time it reads a record, instead
+of setting them to the absolute value of the number of records read.
+This means that a program can change these variables and their new
+values are incremented for each record. (d.c.) The following example
+shows this:
$ echo '1
> 2
@@ -11880,10 +11865,9 @@ Table 9.5: Escape Sequence Processing For `gensub()'
and the special cases for `sub()' and `gsub()', we recommend the use of
`gawk' and `gensub()' when you have to do substitutions.
-Advanced Notes: Matching the Null String
-----------------------------------------
+ Matching the Null String
-In `awk', the `*' operator can match the null string. This is
+ In `awk', the `*' operator can match the null string. This is
particularly important for the `sub()', `gsub()', and `gensub()'
functions. For example:
@@ -12004,12 +11988,11 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]):
is disabled (*note Options::).
-Advanced Notes: Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering
------------------------------------------------------------
+ Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering
-As a side point, buffering issues can be even more confusing, depending
-upon whether your program is "interactive", i.e., communicating with a
-user sitting at a keyboard.(1)
+ As a side point, buffering issues can be even more confusing,
+depending upon whether your program is "interactive", i.e.,
+communicating with a user sitting at a keyboard.(1)
Interactive programs generally "line buffer" their output; i.e., they
write out every line. Noninteractive programs wait until they have a
@@ -12036,13 +12019,13 @@ this example:
Here, no output is printed until after the `Ctrl-d' is typed, because
it is all buffered and sent down the pipe to `cat' in one shot.
-Advanced Notes: Controlling Output Buffering with `system()'
-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Controlling Output Buffering with `system()'
-The `fflush()' function provides explicit control over output buffering
-for individual files and pipes. However, its use is not portable to
-many older `awk' implementations. An alternative method to flush output
-buffers is to call `system()' with a null string as its argument:
+ The `fflush()' function provides explicit control over output
+buffering for individual files and pipes. However, its use is not
+portable to many older `awk' implementations. An alternative method to
+flush output buffers is to call `system()' with a null string as its
+argument:
system("") # flush output
@@ -14222,12 +14205,11 @@ solves the problem:
*note Wc Program::, shows how this library function can be used and
how it simplifies writing the main program.
-Advanced Notes: So Why Does `gawk' have `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE'?
-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ So Why Does `gawk' have `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE'?
-You are probably wondering, if `beginfile()' and `endfile()' functions
-can do the job, why does `gawk' have `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' patterns
-(*note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::)?
+ You are probably wondering, if `beginfile()' and `endfile()'
+functions can do the job, why does `gawk' have `BEGINFILE' and
+`ENDFILE' patterns (*note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::)?
Good question. Normally, if `awk' cannot open a file, this causes
an immediate fatal error. In this case, there is no way for a
@@ -29271,7 +29253,7 @@ Index
* * (asterisk), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators.
(line 87)
* * (asterisk), * operator, null strings, matching: Gory Details.
- (line 165)
+ (line 164)
* * (asterisk), ** operator <1>: Precedence. (line 49)
* * (asterisk), ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81)
* * (asterisk), **= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95)
@@ -29386,9 +29368,9 @@ Index
* / (forward slash), /= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95)
* / (forward slash), /= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129)
* / (forward slash), /= operator, vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops.
- (line 148)
+ (line 147)
* / (forward slash), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24)
-* /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148)
+* /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 147)
* /dev/... special files (gawk): Special FD. (line 46)
* /dev/fd/N special files: Special FD. (line 46)
* /inet/... special files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6)
@@ -29473,7 +29455,7 @@ Index
* \ (backslash), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17)
* \ (backslash), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6)
* \ (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences.
- (line 113)
+ (line 112)
* \ (backslash), regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28)
* ^ (caret) <1>: GNU Regexp Operators.
(line 59)
@@ -29500,14 +29482,7 @@ Index
* Ada programming language: Glossary. (line 20)
* adding, features to gawk: Adding Code. (line 6)
* adding, fields: Changing Fields. (line 53)
-* advanced features, buffering: I/O Functions. (line 107)
-* advanced features, close() function: Close Files And Pipes.
- (line 131)
-* advanced features, constants, values of: Nondecimal-numbers.
- (line 67)
-* advanced features, data files as single record: Records. (line 180)
* advanced features, fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 9)
-* advanced features, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 301)
* advanced features, gawk: Advanced Features. (line 6)
* advanced features, gawk, network programming: TCP/IP Networking.
(line 6)
@@ -29517,10 +29492,6 @@ Index
(line 23)
* advanced features, network connections, See Also networks, connections:
Advanced Features.
(line 6)
-* advanced features, null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 165)
-* advanced features, operators, precedence: Increment Ops. (line 61)
-* advanced features, piping into sh: Redirection. (line 143)
-* advanced features, regexp constants: Assignment Ops. (line 148)
* advanced features, specifying field content: Splitting By Content.
(line 9)
* Aho, Alfred <1>: Contributors. (line 12)
@@ -29532,7 +29503,7 @@ Index
* amazing awk assembler (aaa): Glossary. (line 12)
* amazingly workable formatter (awf): Glossary. (line 25)
* ambiguity, syntactic: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops.
- (line 148)
+ (line 147)
* ampersand (&), && operator <1>: Precedence. (line 86)
* ampersand (&), && operator: Boolean Ops. (line 57)
* ampersand (&), gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions and: Gory Details.
@@ -29549,7 +29520,7 @@ Index
* ARGC/ARGV variables: Auto-set. (line 11)
* ARGC/ARGV variables, command-line arguments: Other Arguments.
(line 12)
-* ARGC/ARGV variables, portability and: Executable Scripts. (line 43)
+* ARGC/ARGV variables, portability and: Executable Scripts. (line 42)
* ARGIND variable: Auto-set. (line 40)
* ARGIND variable, command-line arguments: Other Arguments. (line 12)
* arguments, command-line <1>: ARGC and ARGV. (line 6)
@@ -29611,7 +29582,7 @@ Index
* asterisk (*), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators.
(line 87)
* asterisk (*), * operator, null strings, matching: Gory Details.
- (line 165)
+ (line 164)
* asterisk (*), ** operator <1>: Precedence. (line 49)
* asterisk (*), ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81)
* asterisk (*), **= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95)
@@ -29729,7 +29700,7 @@ Index
* backslash (\), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17)
* backslash (\), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6)
* backslash (\), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences.
- (line 113)
+ (line 112)
* backslash (\), regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28)
* backtrace debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 13)
* BBS-list file: Sample Data Files. (line 6)
@@ -29813,8 +29784,8 @@ Index
* Buening, Andreas <2>: Contributors. (line 92)
* Buening, Andreas: Acknowledgments. (line 60)
* buffering, input/output <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 70)
-* buffering, input/output: I/O Functions. (line 139)
-* buffering, interactive vs. noninteractive: I/O Functions. (line 107)
+* buffering, input/output: I/O Functions. (line 137)
+* buffering, interactive vs. noninteractive: I/O Functions. (line 106)
* buffers, flushing: I/O Functions. (line 29)
* buffers, operators for: GNU Regexp Operators.
(line 48)
@@ -29871,7 +29842,7 @@ Index
* close() function: Getline/Variable/File.
(line 30)
* close() function, return values: Close Files And Pipes.
- (line 131)
+ (line 130)
* close() function, two-way pipes and: Two-way I/O. (line 77)
* Close, Diane <1>: Contributors. (line 21)
* Close, Diane: Manual History. (line 41)
@@ -29993,7 +29964,7 @@ Index
* d.c., See dark corner: Conventions. (line 38)
* dark corner <1>: Glossary. (line 197)
* dark corner <2>: Truth Values. (line 24)
-* dark corner <3>: Assignment Ops. (line 148)
+* dark corner <3>: Assignment Ops. (line 147)
* dark corner: Conventions. (line 38)
* dark corner, ^, in FS: Regexp Field Splitting.
(line 59)
@@ -30001,19 +29972,19 @@ Index
(line 43)
* dark corner, break statement: Break Statement. (line 51)
* dark corner, close() function: Close Files And Pipes.
- (line 131)
+ (line 130)
* dark corner, command-line arguments: Assignment Options. (line 43)
* dark corner, continue statement: Continue Statement. (line 43)
* dark corner, CONVFMT variable: Conversion. (line 40)
* dark corner, escape sequences: Other Arguments. (line 31)
* dark corner, escape sequences, for metacharacters: Escape Sequences.
- (line 136)
+ (line 134)
* dark corner, exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 30)
* dark corner, field separators: Field Splitting Summary.
- (line 47)
+ (line 46)
* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 93)
* dark corner, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19)
-* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 301)
+* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 300)
* dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18)
* dark corner, FS as null string: Single Character Fields.
(line 20)
@@ -30026,11 +29997,11 @@ Index
* dark corner, regexp constants: Using Constant Regexps.
(line 6)
* dark corner, regexp constants, /= operator and: Assignment Ops.
- (line 148)
+ (line 147)
* dark corner, regexp constants, as arguments to user-defined functions: Using
Constant Regexps.
(line 43)
* dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 361)
-* dark corner, strings, storing: Records. (line 196)
+* dark corner, strings, storing: Records. (line 195)
* dark corner, value of ARGV[0]: Auto-set. (line 35)
* data, fixed-width: Constant Size. (line 9)
* data-driven languages: Basic High Level. (line 85)
@@ -30222,7 +30193,7 @@ Index
* differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions.
(line 349)
* differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20)
-* differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: Records. (line 192)
+* differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: Records. (line 191)
* differences in awk and gawk, strtonum() function (gawk): String Functions.
(line 404)
* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 260)
@@ -30309,7 +30280,7 @@ Index
* ERRNO variable <2>: Auto-set. (line 73)
* ERRNO variable <3>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26)
* ERRNO variable <4>: Close Files And Pipes.
- (line 139)
+ (line 138)
* ERRNO variable: Getline. (line 19)
* error handling: Special FD. (line 16)
* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 73)
@@ -30319,7 +30290,7 @@ Index
* escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6)
* eval debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data.
(line 23)
-* evaluation order: Increment Ops. (line 61)
+* evaluation order: Increment Ops. (line 60)
* evaluation order, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 42)
* evaluation order, functions: Calling Built-in. (line 30)
* examining fields: Fields. (line 6)
@@ -30398,7 +30369,7 @@ Index
* field separators, on command line: Command Line Field Separator.
(line 6)
* field separators, POSIX and <1>: Field Splitting Summary.
- (line 41)
+ (line 40)
* field separators, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6)
* field separators, regular expressions as <1>: Regexp Field Splitting.
(line 6)
@@ -30440,7 +30411,7 @@ Index
* files, /inet/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6)
* files, /inet4/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6)
* files, /inet6/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6)
-* files, as single records: Records. (line 201)
+* files, as single records: Records. (line 200)
* files, awk programs in: Long. (line 6)
* files, awkprof.out: Profiling. (line 6)
* files, awkvars.out: Options. (line 107)
@@ -30491,7 +30462,7 @@ Index
* floating-point, numbers: General Arithmetic. (line 6)
* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 103)
* FNR variable: Records. (line 6)
-* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 301)
+* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 300)
* for statement: For Statement. (line 6)
* for statement, in arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20)
* format specifiers, mixing regular with positional specifiers: Printf
Ordering.
@@ -30507,7 +30478,7 @@ Index
* forward slash (/), /= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95)
* forward slash (/), /= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129)
* forward slash (/), /= operator, vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops.
- (line 148)
+ (line 147)
* forward slash (/), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24)
* FPAT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 45)
* FPAT variable: Splitting By Content.
@@ -30606,9 +30577,9 @@ Index
* gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 73)
* gawk, ERRNO variable in <3>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26)
* gawk, ERRNO variable in <4>: Close Files And Pipes.
- (line 139)
+ (line 138)
* gawk, ERRNO variable in: Getline. (line 19)
-* gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 125)
+* gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 124)
* gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 247)
* gawk, features, adding: Adding Code. (line 6)
* gawk, features, advanced: Advanced Features. (line 6)
@@ -30997,14 +30968,14 @@ Index
* marked string extraction (internationalization): String Extraction.
(line 6)
* marked strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6)
-* Marx, Groucho: Increment Ops. (line 61)
+* Marx, Groucho: Increment Ops. (line 60)
* match() function: String Functions. (line 206)
* match() function, RSTART/RLENGTH variables: String Functions.
(line 223)
* matching, expressions, See comparison expressions: Typing and Comparison.
(line 9)
* matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26)
-* matching, null strings: Gory Details. (line 165)
+* matching, null strings: Gory Details. (line 164)
* mawk program: Other Versions. (line 44)
* McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100)
* message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 41)
@@ -31014,7 +30985,7 @@ Index
(line 47)
* message object files, specifying directory of: Explaining gettext.
(line 53)
-* metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 132)
+* metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 130)
* mktime() function (gawk): Time Functions. (line 25)
* modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6)
* monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 103)
@@ -31043,8 +31014,8 @@ Index
* newlines, as field separators: Default Field Splitting.
(line 6)
* newlines, as record separators: Records. (line 20)
-* newlines, in dynamic regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 59)
-* newlines, in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 69)
+* newlines, in dynamic regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 58)
+* newlines, in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 68)
* newlines, printing: Print Examples. (line 12)
* newlines, separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. (line 10)
* newlines, separating statements in actions: Action Overview.
@@ -31075,7 +31046,7 @@ Index
* not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6)
* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 125)
* NR variable: Records. (line 6)
-* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 301)
+* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 300)
* null strings <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 26)
* null strings <2>: Truth Values. (line 6)
* null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting.
@@ -31085,7 +31056,7 @@ Index
* null strings, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts.
(line 43)
* null strings, converting numbers to strings: Conversion. (line 21)
-* null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 165)
+* null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 164)
* null strings, quoting and: Quoting. (line 62)
* number sign (#), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts.
(line 6)
@@ -31144,7 +31115,7 @@ Index
* operators, input/output: Getline/File. (line 6)
* operators, logical, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6)
* operators, precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6)
-* operators, precedence: Increment Ops. (line 61)
+* operators, precedence: Increment Ops. (line 60)
* operators, relational, See operators, comparison: Typing and Comparison.
(line 9)
* operators, short-circuit: Boolean Ops. (line 57)
@@ -31233,16 +31204,16 @@ Index
* plus sign (+), += operator: Assignment Ops. (line 82)
* pointers to functions: Indirect Calls. (line 6)
* portability: Escape Sequences. (line 94)
-* portability, #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 34)
+* portability, #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 33)
* portability, ** operator and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81)
* portability, **= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 142)
-* portability, ARGV variable: Executable Scripts. (line 43)
+* portability, ARGV variable: Executable Scripts. (line 42)
* portability, backslash continuation and: Statements/Lines. (line 30)
* portability, backslash in escape sequences: Escape Sequences.
- (line 113)
+ (line 112)
* portability, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes.
(line 81)
-* portability, data files as single record: Records. (line 180)
+* portability, data files as single record: Records. (line 179)
* portability, deleting array elements: Delete. (line 56)
* portability, example programs: Library Functions. (line 42)
* portability, fflush() function and: I/O Functions. (line 29)
@@ -31255,7 +31226,7 @@ Index
* portability, next statement in user-defined functions: Pass By
Value/Reference.
(line 91)
* portability, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 115)
-* portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 61)
+* portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 60)
* portability, operators, not in POSIX awk: Precedence. (line 98)
* portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 353)
* portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 512)
@@ -31279,7 +31250,7 @@ Index
* POSIX awk, < operator and: Getline/File. (line 26)
* POSIX awk, arithmetic operators and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 36)
* POSIX awk, backslashes in string constants: Escape Sequences.
- (line 113)
+ (line 112)
* POSIX awk, BEGIN/END patterns: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16)
* POSIX awk, bracket expressions and: Bracket Expressions. (line 24)
* POSIX awk, bracket expressions and, character classes: Bracket Expressions.
@@ -31290,7 +31261,7 @@ Index
* POSIX awk, CONVFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 28)
* POSIX awk, date utility and: Time Functions. (line 262)
* POSIX awk, field separators and <1>: Field Splitting Summary.
- (line 41)
+ (line 40)
* POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6)
* POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 66)
* POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 83)
@@ -31315,7 +31286,7 @@ Index
* PREC variable <1>: Setting Precision. (line 6)
* PREC variable: User-modified. (line 134)
* precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6)
-* precedence: Increment Ops. (line 61)
+* precedence: Increment Ops. (line 60)
* precedence, regexp operators: Regexp Operators. (line 156)
* print debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data.
(line 36)
@@ -31433,7 +31404,7 @@ Index
* records, printing: Print. (line 22)
* records, splitting input into: Records. (line 6)
* records, terminating: Records. (line 117)
-* records, treating files as: Records. (line 201)
+* records, treating files as: Records. (line 200)
* recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 73)
* redirection of input: Getline/File. (line 6)
* redirection of output: Redirection. (line 6)
@@ -31443,7 +31414,7 @@ Index
(line 103)
* regexp constants <2>: Regexp Constants. (line 6)
* regexp constants: Regexp Usage. (line 57)
-* regexp constants, /=.../, /= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 148)
+* regexp constants, /=.../, /= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 147)
* regexp constants, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 36)
* regexp constants, in gawk: Using Constant Regexps.
(line 28)
@@ -31465,7 +31436,7 @@ Index
(line 57)
* regular expressions, dynamic: Computed Regexps. (line 6)
* regular expressions, dynamic, with embedded newlines: Computed Regexps.
- (line 59)
+ (line 58)
* regular expressions, gawk, command-line options: GNU Regexp Operators.
(line 70)
* regular expressions, interval expressions and: Options. (line 272)
@@ -31488,7 +31459,7 @@ Index
(line 54)
* return statement, user-defined functions: Return Statement. (line 6)
* return values, close() function: Close Files And Pipes.
- (line 131)
+ (line 130)
* rev() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 52)
* rewind() user-defined function: Rewind Function. (line 16)
* right angle bracket (>), > operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65)
@@ -31566,7 +31537,7 @@ Index
* sed utility <1>: Glossary. (line 12)
* sed utility <2>: Simple Sed. (line 6)
* sed utility: Field Splitting Summary.
- (line 47)
+ (line 46)
* semicolon (;): Statements/Lines. (line 91)
* semicolon (;), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 11)
* semicolon (;), separating statements in actions <1>: Statements.
@@ -31584,7 +31555,7 @@ Index
* separators, subscript: User-modified. (line 156)
* set debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data.
(line 59)
-* shells, piping commands into: Redirection. (line 143)
+* shells, piping commands into: Redirection. (line 142)
* shells, quoting: Using Shell Variables.
(line 12)
* shells, quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 18)
@@ -31608,6 +31579,36 @@ Index
* side effects, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19)
* side effects, function calls: Function Calls. (line 54)
* side effects, statements: Action Overview. (line 32)
+* sidebar, A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value: Nondecimal-numbers.
+ (line 64)
+* sidebar, Backslash Before Regular Characters: Escape Sequences.
+ (line 110)
+* sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Field Splitting Summary.
+ (line 38)
+* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 298)
+* sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions.
+ (line 135)
+* sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences.
+ (line 128)
+* sidebar, FS and IGNORECASE: Field Splitting Summary.
+ (line 64)
+* sidebar, Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering: I/O Functions.
+ (line 104)
+* sidebar, Matching the Null String: Gory Details. (line 162)
+* sidebar, Operator Evaluation Order: Increment Ops. (line 58)
+* sidebar, Piping into sh: Redirection. (line 140)
+* sidebar, Portability Issues with #!: Executable Scripts. (line 31)
+* sidebar, Recipe For A Programming Language: History. (line 6)
+* sidebar, RS = "\0" Is Not Portable: Records. (line 177)
+* sidebar, So Why Does gawk have BEGINFILE and ENDFILE?: Filetrans Function.
+ (line 83)
+* sidebar, Syntactic Ambiguities Between /= and Regular Expressions:
Assignment Ops.
+ (line 145)
+* sidebar, Understanding $0: Changing Fields. (line 134)
+* sidebar, Using \n in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps: Computed
Regexps.
+ (line 56)
+* sidebar, Using close()'s Return Value: Close Files And Pipes.
+ (line 128)
* SIGHUP signal: Profiling. (line 203)
* SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 206)
* signals, HUP/SIGHUP: Profiling. (line 203)
@@ -31684,7 +31685,7 @@ Index
(line 76)
* stream editors <1>: Simple Sed. (line 6)
* stream editors: Field Splitting Summary.
- (line 47)
+ (line 46)
* strftime() function (gawk): Time Functions. (line 48)
* string constants: Scalar Constants. (line 15)
* string constants, vs. regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 38)
@@ -31728,7 +31729,7 @@ Index
* switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6)
* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 260)
* syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops.
- (line 148)
+ (line 147)
* system() function: I/O Functions. (line 72)
* systime() function (gawk): Time Functions. (line 65)
* t debugger command (alias for tbreak): Breakpoint Control. (line 90)
@@ -31789,7 +31790,7 @@ Index
(line 37)
* troubleshooting, awk uses FS not IFS: Field Separators. (line 29)
* troubleshooting, backslash before nonspecial character: Escape Sequences.
- (line 113)
+ (line 112)
* troubleshooting, division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44)
* troubleshooting, fatal errors, field widths, specifying: Constant Size.
(line 22)
@@ -31842,9 +31843,9 @@ Index
* uniq.awk program: Uniq Program. (line 65)
* Unix: Glossary. (line 624)
* Unix awk, backslashes in escape sequences: Escape Sequences.
- (line 125)
+ (line 124)
* Unix awk, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes.
- (line 131)
+ (line 130)
* Unix awk, password files, field separators and: Command Line Field Separator.
(line 72)
* Unix, awk scripts and: Executable Scripts. (line 6)
@@ -31981,513 +31982,513 @@ Node: Preface44646
Ref: Preface-Footnote-147699
Ref: Preface-Footnote-247795
Node: History48027
-Node: Names50415
-Ref: Names-Footnote-151892
-Node: This Manual51964
-Ref: This Manual-Footnote-157870
-Node: Conventions57970
-Node: Manual History60122
-Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163523
-Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263564
-Node: How To Contribute63638
-Node: Acknowledgments64782
-Node: Getting Started68992
-Node: Running gawk71371
-Node: One-shot72557
-Node: Read Terminal73782
-Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175432
-Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-275708
-Node: Long75879
-Node: Executable Scripts77255
-Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179124
-Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279226
-Node: Comments79773
-Node: Quoting82240
-Node: DOS Quoting86863
-Node: Sample Data Files87538
-Node: Very Simple90570
-Node: Two Rules95169
-Node: More Complex97316
-Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100246
-Node: Statements/Lines100331
-Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104793
-Node: Other Features105058
-Node: When105986
-Node: Invoking Gawk108133
-Node: Command Line109594
-Node: Options110377
-Ref: Options-Footnote-1125769
-Node: Other Arguments125794
-Node: Naming Standard Input128452
-Node: Environment Variables129546
-Node: AWKPATH Variable130104
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132862
-Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable133122
-Node: Other Environment Variables133840
-Node: Exit Status136335
-Node: Include Files137010
-Node: Loading Shared Libraries140579
-Node: Obsolete141943
-Node: Undocumented142640
-Node: Regexp142883
-Node: Regexp Usage144272
-Node: Escape Sequences146298
-Node: Regexp Operators152061
-Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159441
-Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2159588
-Node: Bracket Expressions159686
-Ref: table-char-classes161576
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+Node: Return Statement547099
+Node: Dynamic Typing550080
+Node: Indirect Calls551011
+Node: Library Functions560696
+Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1564209
+Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2564352
+Node: Library Names564523
+Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1567994
+Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2568214
+Node: General Functions568300
+Node: Strtonum Function569253
+Node: Assert Function572183
+Node: Round Function575509
+Node: Cliff Random Function577052
+Node: Ordinal Functions578068
+Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1581138
+Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2581390
+Node: Join Function581599
+Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1583370
+Node: Getlocaltime Function583570
+Node: Data File Management587285
+Node: Filetrans Function587917
+Node: Rewind Function591986
+Node: File Checking593373
+Node: Empty Files594467
+Node: Ignoring Assigns596697
+Node: Getopt Function598250
+Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1609554
+Node: Passwd Functions609757
+Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1618732
+Node: Group Functions618820
+Node: Walking Arrays626904
+Node: Sample Programs629041
+Node: Running Examples629715
+Node: Clones630443
+Node: Cut Program631667
+Node: Egrep Program641512
+Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1649285
+Node: Id Program649395
+Node: Split Program653011
+Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1656530
+Node: Tee Program656658
+Node: Uniq Program659461
+Node: Wc Program666890
+Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1671156
+Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2671356
+Node: Miscellaneous Programs671448
+Node: Dupword Program672636
+Node: Alarm Program674667
+Node: Translate Program679416
+Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1683803
+Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2684031
+Node: Labels Program684165
+Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1687536
+Node: Word Sorting687620
+Node: History Sorting691504
+Node: Extract Program693343
+Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1700844
+Node: Simple Sed700972
+Node: Igawk Program704034
+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1719191
+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2719392
+Node: Anagram Program719530
+Node: Signature Program722598
+Node: Advanced Features723698
+Node: Nondecimal Data725580
+Node: Array Sorting727163
+Node: Controlling Array Traversal727860
+Node: Array Sorting Functions736098
+Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1739772
+Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-2739865
+Node: Two-way I/O740059
+Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1745491
+Node: TCP/IP Networking745561
+Node: Profiling748405
+Node: Internationalization755860
+Node: I18N and L10N757285
+Node: Explaining gettext757971
+Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1763037
+Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2763221
+Node: Programmer i18n763386
+Node: Translator i18n767586
+Node: String Extraction768379
+Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1769340
+Node: Printf Ordering769426
+Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1772210
+Node: I18N Portability772274
+Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1774723
+Node: I18N Example774786
+Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1777421
+Node: Gawk I18N777493
+Node: Debugger778114
+Node: Debugging779085
+Node: Debugging Concepts779518
+Node: Debugging Terms781374
+Node: Awk Debugging783971
+Node: Sample Debugging Session784863
+Node: Debugger Invocation785383
+Node: Finding The Bug786715
+Node: List of Debugger Commands793203
+Node: Breakpoint Control794537
+Node: Debugger Execution Control798201
+Node: Viewing And Changing Data801561
+Node: Execution Stack804917
+Node: Debugger Info806384
+Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands810366
+Node: Readline Support815542
+Node: Limitations816373
+Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic818625
+Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1820276
+Node: General Arithmetic820424
+Node: Floating Point Issues822144
+Node: String Conversion Precision823025
+Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1824731
+Node: Unexpected Results824840
+Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems826993
+Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1830818
+Node: Integer Programming830856
+Node: Floating-point Programming832609
+Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1838918
+Node: Floating-point Representation839182
+Node: Floating-point Context840347
+Ref: table-ieee-formats841189
+Node: Rounding Mode842573
+Ref: table-rounding-modes843052
+Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1846056
+Node: Gawk and MPFR846237
+Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats847479
+Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1849908
+Node: Setting Precision850219
+Node: Setting Rounding Mode852952
+Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes853356
+Node: Floating-point Constants854536
+Node: Changing Precision855960
+Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1857360
+Node: Exact Arithmetic857534
+Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers860642
+Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1863642
+Node: Dynamic Extensions863789
+Node: Extension Intro865166
+Node: Plugin License866374
+Node: Extension Mechanism Outline867059
+Ref: load-extension867476
+Ref: load-new-function868954
+Ref: call-new-function869949
+Node: Extension API Description871957
+Node: Extension API Functions Introduction873296
+Node: General Data Types878074
+Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1883676
+Node: Requesting Values883975
+Ref: table-value-types-returned884706
+Node: Constructor Functions885660
+Node: Registration Functions888656
+Node: Extension Functions889341
+Node: Exit Callback Functions891515
+Node: Extension Version String892758
+Node: Input Parsers893408
+Node: Output Wrappers903125
+Node: Two-way processors907541
+Node: Printing Messages909671
+Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1910748
+Node: Updating `ERRNO'910900
+Node: Accessing Parameters911639
+Node: Symbol Table Access912869
+Node: Symbol table by name913381
+Node: Symbol table by cookie914954
+Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1919083
+Node: Cached values919146
+Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1922589
+Node: Array Manipulation922680
+Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1923778
+Node: Array Data Types923817
+Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1926520
+Node: Array Functions926612
+Node: Flattening Arrays930378
+Node: Creating Arrays937217
+Node: Extension API Variables942012
+Node: Extension Versioning942648
+Node: Extension API Informational Variables944549
+Node: Extension API Boilerplate945635
+Node: Finding Extensions949466
+Node: Extension Example950013
+Node: Internal File Description950751
+Node: Internal File Ops954439
+Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1965886
+Node: Using Internal File Ops966026
+Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1968379
+Node: Extension Samples968645
+Node: Extension Sample File Functions970169
+Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch978642
+Node: Extension Sample Fork980368
+Node: Extension Sample Inplace981586
+Node: Extension Sample Ord983364
+Node: Extension Sample Readdir984143
+Node: Extension Sample Revout985647
+Node: Extension Sample Rev2way986240
+Node: Extension Sample Read write array986930
+Node: Extension Sample Readfile988813
+Node: Extension Sample API Tests989570
+Node: Extension Sample Time990095
+Node: gawkextlib991402
+Node: Language History993783
+Node: V7/SVR3.1995305
+Node: SVR4997626
+Node: POSIX999068
+Node: BTL1000454
+Node: POSIX/GNU1001188
+Node: Common Extensions1006723
+Node: Ranges and Locales1007878
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11012496
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21012523
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31012783
+Node: Contributors1013004
+Node: Installation1017808
+Node: Gawk Distribution1018702
+Node: Getting1019186
+Node: Extracting1020012
+Node: Distribution contents1021704
+Node: Unix Installation1026965
+Node: Quick Installation1027582
+Node: Additional Configuration Options1029544
+Node: Configuration Philosophy1031021
+Node: Non-Unix Installation1033363
+Node: PC Installation1033821
+Node: PC Binary Installation1035120
+Node: PC Compiling1036968
+Node: PC Testing1039912
+Node: PC Using1041088
+Node: Cygwin1045273
+Node: MSYS1046273
+Node: VMS Installation1046787
+Node: VMS Compilation1047390
+Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11048397
+Node: VMS Installation Details1048455
+Node: VMS Running1050090
+Node: VMS Old Gawk1051697
+Node: Bugs1052171
+Node: Other Versions1056023
+Node: Notes1061624
+Node: Compatibility Mode1062424
+Node: Additions1063207
+Node: Accessing The Source1064134
+Node: Adding Code1065574
+Node: New Ports1071619
+Node: Derived Files1075754
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11081075
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21081109
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31081709
+Node: Future Extensions1081807
+Node: Implementation Limitations1082388
+Node: Extension Design1083640
+Node: Old Extension Problems1084789
+Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11086297
+Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1086354
+Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11089713
+Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1089899
+Node: Extension Future Growth1092005
+Node: Old Extension Mechansim1092826
+Node: Basic Concepts1094565
+Node: Basic High Level1095246
+Ref: figure-general-flow1095517
+Ref: figure-process-flow1096116
+Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11099345
+Node: Basic Data Typing1099530
+Node: Glossary1102885
+Node: Copying1128356
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License1165913
+Node: Index1191050
End Tag Table
diff --git a/doc/gawk.texi b/doc/gawk.texi
index 94de0af..b579592 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.texi
+++ b/doc/gawk.texi
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+% *****************************************************
+% * DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE!!!! *
+% * It was generated from gawkman.texi by sidebar.awk *
+% * Edit gawkman.texi instead. *
+% *****************************************************
\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@setfilename gawk.info
@@ -1101,22 +1106,47 @@ has been removed.)
@unnumberedsec History of @command{awk} and @command{gawk}
@cindex recipe for a programming language
@cindex programming language, recipe for
address@hidden sidebar, Recipe For A Programming Language
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>Recipe For A Programming Language</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
+
address@hidden {2 parts} {1 part @code{egrep}} {1 part @code{snobol}}
address@hidden @tab 1 part @code{egrep} @tab 1 part @code{snobol}
address@hidden @tab 2 parts @code{ed} @tab 3 parts C
address@hidden multitable
+
+Blend all parts well using @code{lex} and @code{yacc}.
+Document minimally and release.
+
+After eight years, add another part @code{egrep} and two
+more parts C. Document very well and release.
+
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
@cartouche
@center @b{Recipe For A Programming Language}
+
+
@multitable {2 parts} {1 part @code{egrep}} {1 part @code{snobol}}
@item @tab 1 part @code{egrep} @tab 1 part @code{snobol}
@item @tab 2 parts @code{ed} @tab 3 parts C
@end multitable
address@hidden
Blend all parts well using @code{lex} and @code{yacc}.
Document minimally and release.
After eight years, add another part @code{egrep} and two
more parts C. Document very well and release.
address@hidden quotation
@end cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
@cindex Aho, Alfred
@cindex Weinberger, Peter
@@ -1235,13 +1265,11 @@ You should also ignore the many cross-references; they
are for the
expert user and for the online Info and HTML versions of the document.
@end ifnotinfo
-There are
-subsections labeled
-as @strong{Advanced Notes}
+There are sidebars
scattered throughout the @value{DOCUMENT}.
They add a more complete explanation of points that are relevant, but not
likely
to be of interest on first reading.
-All appear in the index, under the heading ``advanced features.''
+All appear in the index, under the heading ``sidebar.''
Most of the time, the examples use complete @command{awk} programs.
Some of the more advanced sections show only the part of the @command{awk}
@@ -2166,8 +2194,12 @@ Self-contained @command{awk} scripts are useful when you
want to write a
program that users can invoke without their having to know that the program is
written in @command{awk}.
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Portability Issues with @samp{#!}
address@hidden sidebar, Portability Issues with @samp{#!}
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>Portability Issues with @samp{#!}</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
@cindex portability, @code{#!} (executable scripts)
Some systems limit the length of the interpreter name to 32 characters.
@@ -2191,6 +2223,41 @@ of your script (@samp{advice}). @value{DARKCORNER}
Don't rely on the value of @code{ARGV[0]}
to provide your script name.
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{Portability Issues with @samp{#!}}
+
+
address@hidden portability, @code{#!} (executable scripts)
+
+Some systems limit the length of the interpreter name to 32 characters.
+Often, this can be dealt with by using a symbolic link.
+
+You should not put more than one argument on the @samp{#!}
+line after the path to @command{awk}. It does not work. The operating system
+treats the rest of the line as a single argument and passes it to
@command{awk}.
+Doing this leads to confusing behavior---most likely a usage diagnostic
+of some sort from @command{awk}.
+
address@hidden @code{ARGC}/@code{ARGV} variables, portability and
address@hidden portability, @code{ARGV} variable
+Finally,
+the value of @code{ARGV[0]}
+(@pxref{Built-in Variables})
+varies depending upon your operating system.
+Some systems put @samp{awk} there, some put the full pathname
+of @command{awk} (such as @file{/bin/awk}), and some put the name
+of your script (@samp{advice}). @value{DARKCORNER}
+Don't rely on the value of @code{ARGV[0]}
+to provide your script name.
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
+
@node Comments
@subsection Comments in @command{awk} Programs
@cindex @code{#} (number sign), commenting
@@ -4495,8 +4562,12 @@ A backslash before any other character means to treat
that character
literally.
@end itemize
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Backslash Before Regular Characters
address@hidden sidebar, Backslash Before Regular Characters
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>Backslash Before Regular Characters</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
@cindex portability, backslash in escape sequences
@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, backslashes in string constants
@cindex backslash (@code{\}), in escape sequences, POSIX and
@@ -4528,8 +4599,55 @@ In such implementations, typing @code{"a\qc"} is the
same as typing
@code{"a\\qc"}.
@end table
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Escape Sequences for Metacharacters
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{Backslash Before Regular Characters}
+
+
address@hidden portability, backslash in escape sequences
address@hidden POSIX @command{awk}, backslashes in string constants
address@hidden backslash (@code{\}), in escape sequences, POSIX and
address@hidden @code{\} (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and
+
address@hidden troubleshooting, backslash before nonspecial character
+If you place a backslash in a string constant before something that is
+not one of the characters previously listed, POSIX @command{awk} purposely
+leaves what happens as undefined. There are two choices:
+
address@hidden @cindex automatic warnings
address@hidden @cindex warnings, automatic
address@hidden @asis
address@hidden Strip the backslash out
+This is what Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} and @command{gawk} both do.
+For example, @code{"a\qc"} is the same as @code{"aqc"}.
+(Because this is such an easy bug both to introduce and to miss,
address@hidden warns you about it.)
+Consider @samp{FS = @w{"[ \t]+\|[ \t]+"}} to use vertical bars
+surrounded by whitespace as the field separator. There should be
+two backslashes in the string: @samp{FS = @w{"[ \t]+\\|[ \t]+"}}.)
address@hidden I did this! This is why I added the warning.
+
address@hidden @command{gawk}, escape sequences
address@hidden Unix @command{awk}, backslashes in escape sequences
address@hidden Leave the backslash alone
+Some other @command{awk} implementations do this.
+In such implementations, typing @code{"a\qc"} is the same as typing
address@hidden"a\\qc"}.
address@hidden table
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
+
address@hidden sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>Escape Sequences for Metacharacters</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
@cindex metacharacters, escape sequences for
Suppose you use an octal or hexadecimal
@@ -4548,6 +4666,36 @@ In compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}),
escape sequences literally when used in regexp constants. Thus,
@code{/a\52b/} is equivalent to @code{/a\*b/}.
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{Escape Sequences for Metacharacters}
+
+
address@hidden metacharacters, escape sequences for
+
+Suppose you use an octal or hexadecimal
+escape to represent a regexp metacharacter.
+(See @ref{Regexp Operators}.)
+Does @command{awk} treat the character as a literal character or as a regexp
+operator?
+
address@hidden dark corner, escape sequences, for metacharacters
+Historically, such characters were taken literally.
address@hidden
+However, the POSIX standard indicates that they should be treated
+as real metacharacters, which is what @command{gawk} does.
+In compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}),
address@hidden treats the characters represented by octal and hexadecimal
+escape sequences literally when used in regexp constants. Thus,
address@hidden/a\52b/} is equivalent to @code{/a\*b/}.
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
+
@node Regexp Operators
@section Regular Expression Operators
@c STARTOFRANGE regexpo
@@ -5316,7 +5464,50 @@ intend a regexp match.
@end itemize
@c fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Using @code{\n} in Bracket Expressions of
Dynamic Regexps
address@hidden sidebar, Using @code{\n} in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic
Regexps
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>Using @code{\n} in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic
Regexps</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
address@hidden regular expressions, dynamic, with embedded newlines
address@hidden newlines, in dynamic regexps
+
+Some commercial versions of @command{awk} do not allow the newline
+character to be used inside a bracket expression for a dynamic regexp:
+
address@hidden
+$ @kbd{awk '$0 ~ "[ \t\n]"'}
address@hidden awk: newline in character class [
address@hidden ]...
address@hidden source line number 1
address@hidden context is
address@hidden >>> <<<
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden newlines, in regexp constants
+But a newline in a regexp constant works with no problem:
+
address@hidden
+$ @kbd{awk '$0 ~ /[ \t\n]/'}
address@hidden is a sample line}
address@hidden here is a sample line
address@hidden@value{CTL}-d}
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden does not have this problem, and it isn't likely to
+occur often in practice, but it's worth noting for future reference.
+
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{Using @code{\n} in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps}
+
+
@cindex regular expressions, dynamic, with embedded newlines
@cindex newlines, in dynamic regexps
@@ -5344,6 +5535,8 @@ $ @kbd{awk '$0 ~ /[ \t\n]/'}
@command{gawk} does not have this problem, and it isn't likely to
occur often in practice, but it's worth noting for future reference.
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
@c ENDOFRANGE dregexp
@c ENDOFRANGE regexpd
@c ENDOFRANGE regexp
@@ -5635,10 +5828,57 @@ compatibility mode
In compatibility mode, only the first character of the value of
@code{RS} is used to determine the end of the record.
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: @code{RS = "\0"} Is Not Portable
address@hidden sidebar, @code{RS = "\0"} Is Not Portable
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>@code{RS = "\0"} Is Not Portable</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
address@hidden portability, @value{DF}s as single record
+There are times when you might want to treat an entire @value{DF} as a
+single record. The only way to make this happen is to give @code{RS}
+a value that you know doesn't occur in the input file. This is hard
+to do in a general way, such that a program always works for arbitrary
+input files.
address@hidden can you say `understatement' boys and girls?
+
+You might think that for text files, the @sc{nul} character, which
+consists of a character with all bits equal to zero, is a good
+value to use for @code{RS} in this case:
+
address@hidden
+BEGIN @{ RS = "\0" @} # whole file becomes one record?
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, strings, storing
address@hidden in fact accepts this, and uses the @sc{nul}
+character for the record separator.
+However, this usage is @emph{not} portable
+to other @command{awk} implementations.
+
address@hidden dark corner, strings, storing
+All other @command{awk} address@hidden least that we know
+about.} store strings internally as C-style strings. C strings use the
address@hidden character as the string terminator. In effect, this means that
address@hidden = "\0"} is the same as @samp{RS = ""}.
address@hidden
+
address@hidden records, treating files as
address@hidden files, as single records
+The best way to treat a whole file as a single record is to
+simply read the file in, one record at a time, concatenating each
+record onto the end of the previous ones.
+
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @address@hidden = "\0"} Is Not Portable}
+
address@hidden advanced features, @value{DF}s as single record
@cindex portability, @value{DF}s as single record
There are times when you might want to treat an entire @value{DF} as a
single record. The only way to make this happen is to give @code{RS}
@@ -5673,6 +5913,8 @@ about.} store strings internally as C-style strings. C
strings use the
The best way to treat a whole file as a single record is to
simply read the file in, one record at a time, concatenating each
record onto the end of the previous ones.
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
@c ENDOFRANGE inspl
@c ENDOFRANGE recspl
@@ -6001,8 +6243,12 @@ This also applies to any built-in function that updates
@code{$0},
such as @code{sub()} and @code{gsub()}
(@pxref{String Functions}).
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Understanding @code{$0}
address@hidden sidebar, Understanding @code{$0}
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>Understanding @code{$0}</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
It is important to remember that @code{$0} is the @emph{full}
record, exactly as it was read from the input. This includes
@@ -6018,6 +6264,33 @@ But this does not work, since nothing was done to change
the record
itself. Instead, you must force the record to be rebuilt, typically
with a statement such as @samp{$1 = $1}, as described earlier.
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{Understanding @code{$0}}
+
+
+
+It is important to remember that @code{$0} is the @emph{full}
+record, exactly as it was read from the input. This includes
+any leading or trailing whitespace, and the exact whitespace (or other
+characters) that separate the fields.
+
+It is a not-uncommon error to try to change the field separators
+in a record simply by setting @code{FS} and @code{OFS}, and then
+expecting a plain @samp{print} or @samp{print $0} to print the
+modified record.
+
+But this does not work, since nothing was done to change the record
+itself. Instead, you must force the record to be rebuilt, typically
+with a statement such as @samp{$1 = $1}, as described earlier.
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
+
@c ENDOFRANGE ficon
@node Field Separators
@@ -6433,8 +6706,12 @@ Each individual character in the record becomes a
separate field.
POSIX standard.)
@end table
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Changing @code{FS} Does Not Affect the Fields
address@hidden sidebar, Changing @code{FS} Does Not Affect the Fields
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>Changing @code{FS} Does Not Affect the Fields</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, field separators and
@cindex field separators, POSIX and
@@ -6478,8 +6755,97 @@ prints something like:
root:nSijPlPhZZwgE:0:0:Root:/:
@end example
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: @code{FS} and @code{IGNORECASE}
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{Changing @code{FS} Does Not Affect the Fields}
+
+
+
address@hidden POSIX @command{awk}, field separators and
address@hidden field separators, POSIX and
+According to the POSIX standard, @command{awk} is supposed to behave
+as if each record is split into fields at the time it is read.
+In particular, this means that if you change the value of @code{FS}
+after a record is read, the value of the fields (i.e., how they were split)
+should reflect the old value of @code{FS}, not the new one.
+
address@hidden dark corner, field separators
address@hidden @command{sed} utility
address@hidden stream editors
+However, many older implementations of @command{awk} do not work this way.
Instead,
+they defer splitting the fields until a field is actually
+referenced. The fields are split
+using the @emph{current} value of @code{FS}!
address@hidden
+This behavior can be difficult
+to diagnose. The following example illustrates the difference
+between the two methods.
+(The @address@hidden @command{sed} utility is a ``stream editor.''
+Its behavior is also defined by the POSIX standard.}
+command prints just the first line of @file{/etc/passwd}.)
+
address@hidden
+sed 1q /etc/passwd | awk '@{ FS = ":" ; print $1 @}'
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+which usually prints:
+
address@hidden
+root
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+on an incorrect implementation of @command{awk}, while @command{gawk}
+prints something like:
+
address@hidden
+root:nSijPlPhZZwgE:0:0:Root:/:
address@hidden example
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
+
address@hidden sidebar, @code{FS} and @code{IGNORECASE}
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>@code{FS} and @code{IGNORECASE}</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
+
+The @code{IGNORECASE} variable
+(@pxref{User-modified})
+affects field splitting @emph{only} when the value of @code{FS} is a regexp.
+It has no effect when @code{FS} is a single character, even if
+that character is a letter. Thus, in the following code:
+
address@hidden
+FS = "c"
+IGNORECASE = 1
+$0 = "aCa"
+print $1
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+The output is @samp{aCa}. If you really want to split fields on an
+alphabetic character while ignoring case, use a regexp that will
+do it for you. E.g., @samp{FS = "[c]"}. In this case, @code{IGNORECASE}
+will take effect.
+
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @address@hidden and @code{IGNORECASE}}
+
+
The @code{IGNORECASE} variable
(@pxref{User-modified})
@@ -6499,6 +6865,8 @@ The output is @samp{aCa}. If you really want to split
fields on an
alphabetic character while ignoring case, use a regexp that will
do it for you. E.g., @samp{FS = "[c]"}. In this case, @code{IGNORECASE}
will take effect.
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
@c ENDOFRANGE fisepr
@c ENDOFRANGE fisepg
@@ -8619,9 +8987,44 @@ program may have open to just one! In @command{gawk},
there is no such limit.
@command{gawk} allows a program to
open as many pipelines as the underlying operating system permits.
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Piping into @command{sh}
address@hidden advanced features, piping into @command{sh}
address@hidden sidebar, Piping into @command{sh}
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>Piping into @command{sh}</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
address@hidden shells, piping commands into
+
+A particularly powerful way to use redirection is to build command lines
+and pipe them into the shell, @command{sh}. For example, suppose you
+have a list of files brought over from a system where all the @value{FN}s
+are stored in uppercase, and you wish to rename them to have names in
+all lowercase. The following program is both simple and efficient:
+
address@hidden @cindex @command{mv} utility
address@hidden
address@hidden printf("mv %s %s\n", $0, tolower($0)) | "sh" @}
+
+END @{ close("sh") @}
address@hidden example
+
+The @code{tolower()} function returns its argument string with all
+uppercase characters converted to lowercase
+(@pxref{String Functions}).
+The program builds up a list of command lines,
+using the @command{mv} utility to rename the files.
+It then sends the list to the shell for execution.
+
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{Piping into @command{sh}}
+
+
@cindex shells, piping commands into
A particularly powerful way to use redirection is to build command lines
@@ -8643,6 +9046,8 @@ uppercase characters converted to lowercase
The program builds up a list of command lines,
using the @command{mv} utility to rename the files.
It then sends the list to the shell for execution.
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
@c ENDOFRANGE outre
@c ENDOFRANGE reout
@@ -8997,9 +9402,12 @@ delayed until
@ref{Two-way I/O},
which discusses it in more detail and gives an example.
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Using @code{close()}'s Return Value
address@hidden advanced features, @code{close()} function
address@hidden sidebar, Using @code{close()}'s Return Value
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>Using @code{close()}'s Return Value</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
@cindex dark corner, @code{close()} function
@cindex @code{close()} function, return values
@cindex return address@hidden @code{close()} function
@@ -9046,6 +9454,64 @@ pipes; thus the return value cannot be used portably.
In POSIX mode (@pxref{Options}), @command{gawk} just returns zero
when closing a pipe.
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{Using @code{close()}'s Return Value}
+
+
address@hidden dark corner, @code{close()} function
address@hidden @code{close()} function, return values
address@hidden return address@hidden @code{close()} function
address@hidden differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, @code{close()}
function
address@hidden Unix @command{awk}, @code{close()} function and
+
+In many versions of Unix @command{awk}, the @code{close()} function
+is actually a statement. It is a syntax error to try and use the return
+value from @code{close()}:
address@hidden
+
address@hidden
+command = "@dots{}"
+command | getline info
+retval = close(command) # syntax error in many Unix awks
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden @command{gawk}, @code{ERRNO} variable in
address@hidden @code{ERRNO} variable
address@hidden treats @code{close()} as a function.
+The return value is @minus{}1 if the argument names something
+that was never opened with a redirection, or if there is
+a system problem closing the file or process.
+In these cases, @command{gawk} sets the built-in variable
address@hidden to a string describing the problem.
+
+In @command{gawk},
+when closing a pipe or coprocess (input or output),
+the return value is the exit status of the address@hidden
+This is a full 16-bit value as returned by the @code{wait()}
+system call. See the system manual pages for information on
+how to decode this value.}
+Otherwise, it is the return value from the system's @code{close()} or
address@hidden()} C functions when closing input or output
+files, respectively.
+This value is zero if the close succeeds, or @minus{}1 if
+it fails.
+
+The POSIX standard is very vague; it says that @code{close()}
+returns zero on success and nonzero otherwise. In general,
+different implementations vary in what they report when closing
+pipes; thus the return value cannot be used portably.
address@hidden
+In POSIX mode (@pxref{Options}), @command{gawk} just returns zero
+when closing a pipe.
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
+
@c ENDOFRANGE ifc
@c ENDOFRANGE ofc
@c ENDOFRANGE pc
@@ -9232,8 +9698,12 @@ If @command{gawk} is in compatibility mode
they are not available.
@c fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value
address@hidden advanced features, address@hidden values of
address@hidden sidebar, A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
Once a numeric constant has
been converted internally into a number,
@@ -9247,6 +9717,31 @@ $ @kbd{gawk 'BEGIN @{ printf "0x11 is <%s>\n", 0x11 @}'}
@print{} 0x11 is <17>
@end example
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value}
+
+
+
+Once a numeric constant has
+been converted internally into a number,
address@hidden no longer remembers
+what the original form of the constant was; the internal value is
+always used. This has particular consequences for conversion of
+numbers to strings:
+
address@hidden
+$ @kbd{gawk 'BEGIN @{ printf "0x11 is <%s>\n", 0x11 @}'}
address@hidden 0x11 is <17>
address@hidden example
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
+
@node Regexp Constants
@subsubsection Regular Expression Constants
@@ -10130,9 +10625,12 @@ Only the @samp{^=} operator is specified by POSIX.
For maximum portability, do not use the @samp{**=} operator.
@end quotation
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Syntactic Ambiguities Between @samp{/=} and
Regular Expressions
address@hidden advanced features, regexp constants
address@hidden sidebar, Syntactic Ambiguities Between @samp{/=} and Regular
Expressions
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>Syntactic Ambiguities Between @samp{/=} and Regular
Expressions</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
@cindex dark corner, regexp constants, @code{/=} operator and
@cindex @code{/} (forward slash), @code{/=} operator, vs.
@code{/address@hidden/} regexp constant
@cindex forward slash (@code{/}), @code{/=} operator, vs.
@code{/address@hidden/} regexp constant
@@ -10170,6 +10668,56 @@ awk '/[=]=/' /dev/null
nor do the other
freely available versions described in
@ref{Other Versions}.
+
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{Syntactic Ambiguities Between @samp{/=} and Regular
Expressions}
+
+
address@hidden dark corner, regexp constants, @code{/=} operator and
address@hidden @code{/} (forward slash), @code{/=} operator, vs.
@code{/address@hidden/} regexp constant
address@hidden forward slash (@code{/}), @code{/=} operator, vs.
@code{/address@hidden/} regexp constant
address@hidden regexp constants, @code{/address@hidden/}, @code{/=} operator and
+
address@hidden derived from email from "Nelson H. F. Beebe" <address@hidden>
address@hidden Date: Mon, 1 Sep 1997 13:38:35 -0600 (MDT)
+
address@hidden dark corner
address@hidden ambiguity, syntactic: @code{/=} operator vs.
@code{/address@hidden/} regexp constant
address@hidden syntactic ambiguity: @code{/=} operator vs.
@code{/address@hidden/} regexp constant
address@hidden @code{/=} operator vs. @code{/address@hidden/} regexp constant
+There is a syntactic ambiguity between the @code{/=} assignment
+operator and regexp constants whose first character is an @samp{=}.
address@hidden
+This is most notable in some commercial @command{awk} versions.
+For example:
+
address@hidden
+$ awk /==/ /dev/null
address@hidden awk: syntax error at source line 1
address@hidden context is
address@hidden >>> /= <<<
address@hidden awk: bailing out at source line 1
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+A workaround is:
+
address@hidden
+awk '/[=]=/' /dev/null
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden does not have this problem,
+nor do the other
+freely available versions described in
address@hidden Versions}.
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
@c ENDOFRANGE exas
@c ENDOFRANGE opas
@c ENDOFRANGE asop
@@ -10249,9 +10797,12 @@ as the value of the expression.
like @address@hidden, but instead of adding, it subtracts.)
@end table
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Operator Evaluation Order
address@hidden advanced features, address@hidden precedence
address@hidden sidebar, Operator Evaluation Order
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>Operator Evaluation Order</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
@cindex precedence
@cindex operators, precedence
@cindex portability, operators
@@ -10293,6 +10844,60 @@ not anything that you can rely upon for portability.
You should avoid such things in your own programs.
@c You'll sleep better at night and be able to look at yourself
@c in the mirror in the morning.
+
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{Operator Evaluation Order}
+
+
address@hidden precedence
address@hidden operators, precedence
address@hidden portability, operators
address@hidden evaluation order
address@hidden Marx, Groucho
address@hidden
address@hidden, doctor! It hurts when I do address@hidden
+So don't do address@hidden
+Groucho Marx
address@hidden quotation
+
address@hidden
+What happens for something like the following?
+
address@hidden
+b = 6
+print b += b++
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+Or something even stranger?
+
address@hidden
+b = 6
+b += ++b + b++
+print b
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden side effects
+In other words, when do the various side effects prescribed by the
+postfix operators (@samp{b++}) take effect?
+When side effects happen is @dfn{implementation defined}.
+In other words, it is up to the particular version of @command{awk}.
+The result for the first example may be 12 or 13, and for the second, it
+may be 22 or 23.
+
+In short, doing things like this is not recommended and definitely
+not anything that you can rely upon for portability.
+You should avoid such things in your own programs.
address@hidden You'll sleep better at night and be able to look at yourself
address@hidden in the mirror in the morning.
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
@c ENDOFRANGE inop
@c ENDOFRANGE opde
@c ENDOFRANGE deop
@@ -13366,11 +13971,14 @@ are available as elements within the @code{SYMTAB}
array.
@c ENDOFRANGE bvconi
@c ENDOFRANGE vbconi
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Changing @code{NR} and @code{FNR}
address@hidden sidebar, Changing @code{NR} and @code{FNR}
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>Changing @code{NR} and @code{FNR}</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
@cindex @code{NR} variable, changing
@cindex @code{FNR} variable, changing
address@hidden advanced features, @code{FNR}/@code{NR} variables
@cindex dark corner, @code{FNR}/@code{NR} variables
@command{awk} increments @code{NR} and @code{FNR}
each time it reads a record, instead of setting them to the absolute
@@ -13399,6 +14007,48 @@ many @command{awk} programs used this feature to track
the number of
records in a file by resetting @code{NR} to zero when @code{FILENAME}
changed.
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{Changing @code{NR} and @code{FNR}}
+
+
address@hidden @code{NR} variable, changing
address@hidden @code{FNR} variable, changing
address@hidden dark corner, @code{FNR}/@code{NR} variables
address@hidden increments @code{NR} and @code{FNR}
+each time it reads a record, instead of setting them to the absolute
+value of the number of records read. This means that a program can
+change these variables and their new values are incremented for
+each record.
address@hidden
+The following example shows this:
+
address@hidden
+$ @kbd{echo '1}
+> @kbd{2}
+> @kbd{3}
+> @kbd{4' | awk 'NR == 2 @{ NR = 17 @}}
+> @address@hidden print NR @}'}
address@hidden 1
address@hidden 17
address@hidden 18
address@hidden 19
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+Before @code{FNR} was added to the @command{awk} language
+(@pxref{V7/SVR3.1}),
+many @command{awk} programs used this feature to track the number of
+records in a file by resetting @code{NR} to zero when @code{FILENAME}
+changed.
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
+
@node ARGC and ARGV
@subsection Using @code{ARGC} and @code{ARGV}
@cindex @code{ARGC}/@code{ARGV} variables
@@ -15969,9 +16619,39 @@ and the special cases for @code{sub()} and
@code{gsub()},
we recommend the use of @command{gawk} and @code{gensub()} when you have
to do substitutions.
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Matching the Null String
address@hidden advanced features, null address@hidden matching
address@hidden sidebar, Matching the Null String
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>Matching the Null String</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
address@hidden matching, null strings
address@hidden null strings, matching
address@hidden @code{*} (asterisk), @code{*} operator, null address@hidden
matching
address@hidden asterisk (@code{*}), @code{*} operator, null address@hidden
matching
+
+In @command{awk}, the @samp{*} operator can match the null string.
+This is particularly important for the @code{sub()}, @code{gsub()},
+and @code{gensub()} functions. For example:
+
address@hidden
+$ @kbd{echo abc | awk '@{ gsub(/m*/, "X"); print @}'}
address@hidden XaXbXcX
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+Although this makes a certain amount of sense, it can be surprising.
+
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{Matching the Null String}
+
+
@cindex matching, null strings
@cindex null strings, matching
@cindex @code{*} (asterisk), @code{*} operator, null address@hidden matching
@@ -15988,6 +16668,8 @@ $ @kbd{echo abc | awk '@{ gsub(/m*/, "X"); print @}'}
@noindent
Although this makes a certain amount of sense, it can be surprising.
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
@node I/O Functions
@subsection Input/Output Functions
@@ -16121,9 +16803,12 @@ When @option{--sandbox} is specified, the
@code{system()} function is disabled
@end table
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering
address@hidden advanced features, buffering
address@hidden sidebar, Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
@cindex buffering, interactive vs.@: noninteractive
As a side point, buffering issues can be even more confusing, depending
@@ -16165,9 +16850,130 @@ $ @kbd{awk '@{ print $1 + $2 @}' | cat}
Here, no output is printed until after the @address@hidden is typed, because
it is all buffered and sent down the pipe to @command{cat} in one shot.
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Controlling Output Buffering with @code{system()}
address@hidden advanced features, buffering
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering}
+
+
address@hidden buffering, interactive vs.@: noninteractive
+
+As a side point, buffering issues can be even more confusing, depending
+upon whether your program is @dfn{interactive}, i.e., communicating
+with a user sitting at a address@hidden program is interactive
+if the standard output is connected to a terminal device. On modern
+systems, this means your keyboard and screen.}
+
address@hidden Thanks to address@hidden for this example, and for
address@hidden motivating me to write this section.
+Interactive programs generally @dfn{line buffer} their output; i.e., they
+write out every line. Noninteractive programs wait until they have
+a full buffer, which may be many lines of output.
+Here is an example of the difference:
+
address@hidden
+$ @kbd{awk '@{ print $1 + $2 @}'}
address@hidden 1}
address@hidden 2
address@hidden 3}
address@hidden 5
address@hidden@value{CTL}-d}
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+Each line of output is printed immediately. Compare that behavior
+with this example:
+
address@hidden
+$ @kbd{awk '@{ print $1 + $2 @}' | cat}
address@hidden 1}
address@hidden 3}
address@hidden@value{CTL}-d}
address@hidden 2
address@hidden 5
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+Here, no output is printed until after the @address@hidden is typed, because
+it is all buffered and sent down the pipe to @command{cat} in one shot.
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
+
address@hidden sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with @code{system()}
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>Controlling Output Buffering with @code{system()}</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
address@hidden buffers, flushing
address@hidden buffering, input/output
address@hidden output, buffering
+
+The @code{fflush()} function provides explicit control over output buffering
for
+individual files and pipes. However, its use is not portable to many older
address@hidden implementations. An alternative method to flush output
+buffers is to call @code{system()} with a null string as its argument:
+
address@hidden
+system("") # flush output
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
address@hidden treats this use of the @code{system()} function as a special
+case and is smart enough not to run a shell (or other command
+interpreter) with the empty command. Therefore, with @command{gawk}, this
+idiom is not only useful, it is also efficient. While this method should work
+with other @command{awk} implementations, it does not necessarily avoid
+starting an unnecessary shell. (Other implementations may only
+flush the buffer associated with the standard output and not necessarily
+all buffered output.)
+
+If you think about what a programmer expects, it makes sense that
address@hidden()} should flush any pending output. The following program:
+
address@hidden
+BEGIN @{
+ print "first print"
+ system("echo system echo")
+ print "second print"
address@hidden
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+must print:
+
address@hidden
+first print
+system echo
+second print
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+and not:
+
address@hidden
+system echo
+first print
+second print
address@hidden example
+
+If @command{awk} did not flush its buffers before calling @code{system()},
+you would see the latter (undesirable) output.
+
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{Controlling Output Buffering with @code{system()}}
+
+
@cindex buffers, flushing
@cindex buffering, input/output
@cindex output, buffering
@@ -16222,6 +17028,8 @@ second print
If @command{awk} did not flush its buffers before calling @code{system()},
you would see the latter (undesirable) output.
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
@node Time Functions
@subsection Time Functions
@@ -18997,8 +19805,12 @@ END @{ endfile(_filename_) @}
shows how this library function can be used and
how it simplifies writing the main program.
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: So Why Does @command{gawk} have @code{BEGINFILE}
and @code{ENDFILE}?
address@hidden sidebar, So Why Does @command{gawk} have @code{BEGINFILE} and
@code{ENDFILE}?
address@hidden
address@hidden
+<sidebar><title>So Why Does @command{gawk} have @code{BEGINFILE} and
@code{ENDFILE}?</title>
address@hidden docbook
+
You are probably wondering, if @code{beginfile()} and @code{endfile()}
functions can do the job, why does @command{gawk} have
@@ -19012,6 +19824,31 @@ the main reason for @code{BEGINFILE} is to give you a
``hook'' to catch
files that cannot be processed. @code{ENDFILE} exists for symmetry,
and because it provides an easy way to do per-file cleanup processing.
address@hidden
+</sidebar>
address@hidden docbook
address@hidden ifdocbook
+
address@hidden
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{So Why Does @command{gawk} have @code{BEGINFILE} and
@code{ENDFILE}?}
+
+
+
+You are probably wondering, if @code{beginfile()} and @code{endfile()}
+functions can do the job, why does @command{gawk} have
address@hidden and @code{ENDFILE} patterns (@pxref{BEGINFILE/ENDFILE})?
+
+Good question. Normally, if @command{awk} cannot open a file, this
+causes an immediate fatal error. In this case, there is no way for a
+user-defined function to deal with the problem, since the mechanism for
+calling it relies on the file being open and at the first record. Thus,
+the main reason for @code{BEGINFILE} is to give you a ``hook'' to catch
+files that cannot be processed. @code{ENDFILE} exists for symmetry,
+and because it provides an easy way to do per-file cleanup processing.
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden ifnotdocbook
+
@node Rewind Function
@subsection Rereading the Current File
@@ -37528,3 +38365,35 @@ Suggestions:
% in the two sample code chapters.
% 2. Nuke the BBS stuff and use something that won't be obsolete
% 3. Turn the advanced notes into sidebars by using @cartouche
+
+Better sidebars can almost sort of be done with:
+
+ @ifdocbook
+ @macro @sidebar{title, content}
+ @inlinefmt{docbook, <sidebar><title>}
+ \title\
+ @inlinefmt{docbook, </title>}
+ \content\
+ @inlinefmt{docbook, </sidebar>}
+ @end macro
+ @end ifdocbook
+
+
+ @ifnotdocbook
+ @macro @sidebar{title, content}
+ @cartouche
+ @center @b{\title\}
+
+ \content\
+ @end cartouche
+ @end macro
+ @end ifnotdocbook
+
+But to use it you have to say
+
+ @sidebar{Title Here,
+ @include file-with-content
+ }
+
+which sorta sucks.
+
diff --git a/doc/gawk.texi b/doc/gawkman.texi
similarity index 99%
copy from doc/gawk.texi
copy to doc/gawkman.texi
index 94de0af..463d4b2 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.texi
+++ b/doc/gawkman.texi
@@ -1101,22 +1101,19 @@ has been removed.)
@unnumberedsec History of @command{awk} and @command{gawk}
@cindex recipe for a programming language
@cindex programming language, recipe for
address@hidden
address@hidden @b{Recipe For A Programming Language}
address@hidden Recipe For A Programming Language
@multitable {2 parts} {1 part @code{egrep}} {1 part @code{snobol}}
@item @tab 1 part @code{egrep} @tab 1 part @code{snobol}
@item @tab 2 parts @code{ed} @tab 3 parts C
@end multitable
address@hidden
Blend all parts well using @code{lex} and @code{yacc}.
Document minimally and release.
After eight years, add another part @code{egrep} and two
more parts C. Document very well and release.
address@hidden quotation
address@hidden cartouche
address@hidden sidebar
@cindex Aho, Alfred
@cindex Weinberger, Peter
@@ -1235,13 +1232,11 @@ You should also ignore the many cross-references; they
are for the
expert user and for the online Info and HTML versions of the document.
@end ifnotinfo
-There are
-subsections labeled
-as @strong{Advanced Notes}
+There are sidebars
scattered throughout the @value{DOCUMENT}.
They add a more complete explanation of points that are relevant, but not
likely
to be of interest on first reading.
-All appear in the index, under the heading ``advanced features.''
+All appear in the index, under the heading ``sidebar.''
Most of the time, the examples use complete @command{awk} programs.
Some of the more advanced sections show only the part of the @command{awk}
@@ -2166,8 +2161,7 @@ Self-contained @command{awk} scripts are useful when you
want to write a
program that users can invoke without their having to know that the program is
written in @command{awk}.
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Portability Issues with @samp{#!}
address@hidden Portability Issues with @samp{#!}
@cindex portability, @code{#!} (executable scripts)
Some systems limit the length of the interpreter name to 32 characters.
@@ -2190,6 +2184,7 @@ of @command{awk} (such as @file{/bin/awk}), and some put
the name
of your script (@samp{advice}). @value{DARKCORNER}
Don't rely on the value of @code{ARGV[0]}
to provide your script name.
address@hidden sidebar
@node Comments
@subsection Comments in @command{awk} Programs
@@ -4495,8 +4490,7 @@ A backslash before any other character means to treat
that character
literally.
@end itemize
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Backslash Before Regular Characters
address@hidden Backslash Before Regular Characters
@cindex portability, backslash in escape sequences
@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, backslashes in string constants
@cindex backslash (@code{\}), in escape sequences, POSIX and
@@ -4527,9 +4521,9 @@ Some other @command{awk} implementations do this.
In such implementations, typing @code{"a\qc"} is the same as typing
@code{"a\\qc"}.
@end table
address@hidden sidebar
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Escape Sequences for Metacharacters
address@hidden Escape Sequences for Metacharacters
@cindex metacharacters, escape sequences for
Suppose you use an octal or hexadecimal
@@ -4547,6 +4541,7 @@ In compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}),
@command{gawk} treats the characters represented by octal and hexadecimal
escape sequences literally when used in regexp constants. Thus,
@code{/a\52b/} is equivalent to @code{/a\*b/}.
address@hidden sidebar
@node Regexp Operators
@section Regular Expression Operators
@@ -5316,7 +5311,7 @@ intend a regexp match.
@end itemize
@c fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Using @code{\n} in Bracket Expressions of
Dynamic Regexps
address@hidden Using @code{\n} in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps
@cindex regular expressions, dynamic, with embedded newlines
@cindex newlines, in dynamic regexps
@@ -5344,6 +5339,7 @@ $ @kbd{awk '$0 ~ /[ \t\n]/'}
@command{gawk} does not have this problem, and it isn't likely to
occur often in practice, but it's worth noting for future reference.
address@hidden sidebar
@c ENDOFRANGE dregexp
@c ENDOFRANGE regexpd
@c ENDOFRANGE regexp
@@ -5635,10 +5631,7 @@ compatibility mode
In compatibility mode, only the first character of the value of
@code{RS} is used to determine the end of the record.
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: @code{RS = "\0"} Is Not Portable
-
address@hidden advanced features, @value{DF}s as single record
address@hidden @code{RS = "\0"} Is Not Portable
@cindex portability, @value{DF}s as single record
There are times when you might want to treat an entire @value{DF} as a
single record. The only way to make this happen is to give @code{RS}
@@ -5673,6 +5666,7 @@ about.} store strings internally as C-style strings. C
strings use the
The best way to treat a whole file as a single record is to
simply read the file in, one record at a time, concatenating each
record onto the end of the previous ones.
address@hidden sidebar
@c ENDOFRANGE inspl
@c ENDOFRANGE recspl
@@ -6001,8 +5995,7 @@ This also applies to any built-in function that updates
@code{$0},
such as @code{sub()} and @code{gsub()}
(@pxref{String Functions}).
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Understanding @code{$0}
address@hidden Understanding @code{$0}
It is important to remember that @code{$0} is the @emph{full}
record, exactly as it was read from the input. This includes
@@ -6017,6 +6010,7 @@ modified record.
But this does not work, since nothing was done to change the record
itself. Instead, you must force the record to be rebuilt, typically
with a statement such as @samp{$1 = $1}, as described earlier.
address@hidden sidebar
@c ENDOFRANGE ficon
@@ -6433,8 +6427,7 @@ Each individual character in the record becomes a
separate field.
POSIX standard.)
@end table
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Changing @code{FS} Does Not Affect the Fields
address@hidden Changing @code{FS} Does Not Affect the Fields
@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, field separators and
@cindex field separators, POSIX and
@@ -6477,9 +6470,9 @@ prints something like:
@example
root:nSijPlPhZZwgE:0:0:Root:/:
@end example
address@hidden sidebar
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: @code{FS} and @code{IGNORECASE}
address@hidden @code{FS} and @code{IGNORECASE}
The @code{IGNORECASE} variable
(@pxref{User-modified})
@@ -6499,6 +6492,7 @@ The output is @samp{aCa}. If you really want to split
fields on an
alphabetic character while ignoring case, use a regexp that will
do it for you. E.g., @samp{FS = "[c]"}. In this case, @code{IGNORECASE}
will take effect.
address@hidden sidebar
@c ENDOFRANGE fisepr
@c ENDOFRANGE fisepg
@@ -8619,9 +8613,7 @@ program may have open to just one! In @command{gawk},
there is no such limit.
@command{gawk} allows a program to
open as many pipelines as the underlying operating system permits.
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Piping into @command{sh}
address@hidden advanced features, piping into @command{sh}
address@hidden Piping into @command{sh}
@cindex shells, piping commands into
A particularly powerful way to use redirection is to build command lines
@@ -8643,6 +8635,7 @@ uppercase characters converted to lowercase
The program builds up a list of command lines,
using the @command{mv} utility to rename the files.
It then sends the list to the shell for execution.
address@hidden sidebar
@c ENDOFRANGE outre
@c ENDOFRANGE reout
@@ -8997,9 +8990,7 @@ delayed until
@ref{Two-way I/O},
which discusses it in more detail and gives an example.
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Using @code{close()}'s Return Value
address@hidden advanced features, @code{close()} function
address@hidden Using @code{close()}'s Return Value
@cindex dark corner, @code{close()} function
@cindex @code{close()} function, return values
@cindex return address@hidden @code{close()} function
@@ -9045,6 +9036,7 @@ pipes; thus the return value cannot be used portably.
@value{DARKCORNER}
In POSIX mode (@pxref{Options}), @command{gawk} just returns zero
when closing a pipe.
address@hidden sidebar
@c ENDOFRANGE ifc
@c ENDOFRANGE ofc
@@ -9232,8 +9224,7 @@ If @command{gawk} is in compatibility mode
they are not available.
@c fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value
address@hidden advanced features, address@hidden values of
address@hidden A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value
Once a numeric constant has
been converted internally into a number,
@@ -9246,6 +9237,7 @@ numbers to strings:
$ @kbd{gawk 'BEGIN @{ printf "0x11 is <%s>\n", 0x11 @}'}
@print{} 0x11 is <17>
@end example
address@hidden sidebar
@node Regexp Constants
@subsubsection Regular Expression Constants
@@ -10130,9 +10122,7 @@ Only the @samp{^=} operator is specified by POSIX.
For maximum portability, do not use the @samp{**=} operator.
@end quotation
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Syntactic Ambiguities Between @samp{/=} and
Regular Expressions
address@hidden advanced features, regexp constants
address@hidden Syntactic Ambiguities Between @samp{/=} and Regular Expressions
@cindex dark corner, regexp constants, @code{/=} operator and
@cindex @code{/} (forward slash), @code{/=} operator, vs.
@code{/address@hidden/} regexp constant
@cindex forward slash (@code{/}), @code{/=} operator, vs.
@code{/address@hidden/} regexp constant
@@ -10170,6 +10160,7 @@ awk '/[=]=/' /dev/null
nor do the other
freely available versions described in
@ref{Other Versions}.
address@hidden sidebar
@c ENDOFRANGE exas
@c ENDOFRANGE opas
@c ENDOFRANGE asop
@@ -10249,9 +10240,7 @@ as the value of the expression.
like @address@hidden, but instead of adding, it subtracts.)
@end table
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Operator Evaluation Order
address@hidden advanced features, address@hidden precedence
address@hidden Operator Evaluation Order
@cindex precedence
@cindex operators, precedence
@cindex portability, operators
@@ -10293,6 +10282,7 @@ not anything that you can rely upon for portability.
You should avoid such things in your own programs.
@c You'll sleep better at night and be able to look at yourself
@c in the mirror in the morning.
address@hidden sidebar
@c ENDOFRANGE inop
@c ENDOFRANGE opde
@c ENDOFRANGE deop
@@ -13366,11 +13356,9 @@ are available as elements within the @code{SYMTAB}
array.
@c ENDOFRANGE bvconi
@c ENDOFRANGE vbconi
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Changing @code{NR} and @code{FNR}
address@hidden Changing @code{NR} and @code{FNR}
@cindex @code{NR} variable, changing
@cindex @code{FNR} variable, changing
address@hidden advanced features, @code{FNR}/@code{NR} variables
@cindex dark corner, @code{FNR}/@code{NR} variables
@command{awk} increments @code{NR} and @code{FNR}
each time it reads a record, instead of setting them to the absolute
@@ -13398,6 +13386,7 @@ Before @code{FNR} was added to the @command{awk}
language
many @command{awk} programs used this feature to track the number of
records in a file by resetting @code{NR} to zero when @code{FILENAME}
changed.
address@hidden sidebar
@node ARGC and ARGV
@subsection Using @code{ARGC} and @code{ARGV}
@@ -15969,9 +15958,7 @@ and the special cases for @code{sub()} and
@code{gsub()},
we recommend the use of @command{gawk} and @code{gensub()} when you have
to do substitutions.
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Matching the Null String
address@hidden advanced features, null address@hidden matching
address@hidden Matching the Null String
@cindex matching, null strings
@cindex null strings, matching
@cindex @code{*} (asterisk), @code{*} operator, null address@hidden matching
@@ -15988,6 +15975,7 @@ $ @kbd{echo abc | awk '@{ gsub(/m*/, "X"); print @}'}
@noindent
Although this makes a certain amount of sense, it can be surprising.
address@hidden sidebar
@node I/O Functions
@subsection Input/Output Functions
@@ -16121,9 +16109,7 @@ When @option{--sandbox} is specified, the
@code{system()} function is disabled
@end table
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering
address@hidden advanced features, buffering
address@hidden Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering
@cindex buffering, interactive vs.@: noninteractive
As a side point, buffering issues can be even more confusing, depending
@@ -16164,10 +16150,9 @@ $ @kbd{awk '@{ print $1 + $2 @}' | cat}
@noindent
Here, no output is printed until after the @address@hidden is typed, because
it is all buffered and sent down the pipe to @command{cat} in one shot.
address@hidden sidebar
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: Controlling Output Buffering with @code{system()}
address@hidden advanced features, buffering
address@hidden Controlling Output Buffering with @code{system()}
@cindex buffers, flushing
@cindex buffering, input/output
@cindex output, buffering
@@ -16222,6 +16207,7 @@ second print
If @command{awk} did not flush its buffers before calling @code{system()},
you would see the latter (undesirable) output.
address@hidden sidebar
@node Time Functions
@subsection Time Functions
@@ -18997,8 +18983,7 @@ END @{ endfile(_filename_) @}
shows how this library function can be used and
how it simplifies writing the main program.
address@hidden fakenode --- for prepinfo
address@hidden Advanced Notes: So Why Does @command{gawk} have @code{BEGINFILE}
and @code{ENDFILE}?
address@hidden So Why Does @command{gawk} have @code{BEGINFILE} and
@code{ENDFILE}?
You are probably wondering, if @code{beginfile()} and @code{endfile()}
functions can do the job, why does @command{gawk} have
@@ -19011,6 +18996,7 @@ calling it relies on the file being open and at the
first record. Thus,
the main reason for @code{BEGINFILE} is to give you a ``hook'' to catch
files that cannot be processed. @code{ENDFILE} exists for symmetry,
and because it provides an easy way to do per-file cleanup processing.
address@hidden sidebar
@node Rewind Function
@subsection Rereading the Current File
@@ -37528,3 +37514,35 @@ Suggestions:
% in the two sample code chapters.
% 2. Nuke the BBS stuff and use something that won't be obsolete
% 3. Turn the advanced notes into sidebars by using @cartouche
+
+Better sidebars can almost sort of be done with:
+
+ @ifdocbook
+ @macro @sidebar{title, content}
+ @inlinefmt{docbook, <sidebar><title>}
+ \title\
+ @inlinefmt{docbook, </title>}
+ \content\
+ @inlinefmt{docbook, </sidebar>}
+ @end macro
+ @end ifdocbook
+
+
+ @ifnotdocbook
+ @macro @sidebar{title, content}
+ @cartouche
+ @center @b{\title\}
+
+ \content\
+ @end cartouche
+ @end macro
+ @end ifnotdocbook
+
+But to use it you have to say
+
+ @sidebar{Title Here,
+ @include file-with-content
+ }
+
+which sorta sucks.
+
diff --git a/doc/sidebar.awk b/doc/sidebar.awk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8d25bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/sidebar.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# sidebar.awk --- add support for sidebars, other stuff to gawk.texi
+
+# Copyright (C) 2013 the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+#
+# This file is part of GAWK, the GNU implementation of the
+# AWK Programming Language.
+#
+# GAWK is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# GAWK is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301,
USA
+
+BEGIN {
+ print "% *****************************************************"
+ print "% * DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE!!!! *"
+ print "% * It was generated from gawkman.texi by sidebar.awk *"
+ print "% * Edit gawkman.texi instead. *"
+ print "% *****************************************************"
+}
+
+/address@hidden/ {
+ sub(/address@hidden:space:]]+/, "", $0)
+ title = $0
+ body = ""
+ collecting = 1
+ next
+}
+
+/address@hidden:space:]]+sidebar[[:space:]]*$/ {
+ collecting = 0
+ printf "@cindex sidebar, %s\n", title
+ printf "@ifdocbook\n"
+ printf "@docbook\n"
+ printf "<sidebar><title>%s</title>\n", title
+ printf "@end docbook\n"
+ print body
+ print ""
+ printf "@docbook\n"
+ printf "</sidebar>\n"
+ printf "@end docbook\n"
+ printf "@end ifdocbook\n\n"
+
+ printf "@ifnotdocbook\n"
+ printf "@cartouche\n"
+ printf "@center @b{%s}\n\n", title
+ print body
+ printf "@end cartouche\n"
+ printf "@end ifnotdocbook\n"
+ body = ""
+ next
+}
+
+collecting == 1 {
+ body = body RS $0
+ next
+}
+
+{ print }
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of changes:
ChangeLog | 9 +
bootstrap.sh | 4 +-
configure | 9 -
configure.ac | 11 -
doc/ChangeLog | 14 +
doc/Makefile.am | 8 +-
doc/Makefile.in | 8 +-
doc/gawk.info | 1321 ++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
doc/gawk.texi | 969 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
doc/{gawk.texi => gawkman.texi} | 126 +++--
doc/sidebar.awk | 67 ++
extension/ChangeLog | 5 +
extension/Makefile.am | 2 +-
extension/Makefile.in | 2 +-
14 files changed, 1764 insertions(+), 791 deletions(-)
copy doc/{gawk.texi => gawkman.texi} (99%)
create mode 100644 doc/sidebar.awk
hooks/post-receive
--
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Arnold Robbins <=