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[SCM] gawk branch, gawk-5.3-stable, updated. gawk-4.1.0-5488-gd998e324
|
From: |
Arnold Robbins |
|
Subject: |
[SCM] gawk branch, gawk-5.3-stable, updated. gawk-4.1.0-5488-gd998e324 |
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Date: |
Thu, 11 Jul 2024 05:22:42 -0400 (EDT) |
This is an automated email from the git hooks/post-receive script. It was
generated because a ref change was pushed to the repository containing
the project "gawk".
The branch, gawk-5.3-stable has been updated
via d998e32435542941d505e23e08a6d60270757253 (commit)
from 7f7d733d0ddd4e75f16f2cff1b6b1a28642bbcea (commit)
Those revisions listed above that are new to this repository have
not appeared on any other notification email; so we list those
revisions in full, below.
- Log -----------------------------------------------------------------
http://git.sv.gnu.org/cgit/gawk.git/commit/?id=d998e32435542941d505e23e08a6d60270757253
commit d998e32435542941d505e23e08a6d60270757253
Author: Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com>
Date: Thu Jul 11 12:22:25 2024 +0300
Document getline as a function, not a statement.
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog b/doc/ChangeLog
index 06eb9e51..20b067fb 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+2024-07-11 Denys Vlasenko <dvlasenk@redhat.com>
+
+ * gawk.1, gawk.texi, gawkinet.texi: Document getline as a function,
+ not as a statement.
+
2024-07-11 Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com>
* gawk.texi: Typo fix.
diff --git a/doc/gawk.1 b/doc/gawk.1
index d69cb4e8..97cb4fab 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.1
+++ b/doc/gawk.1
@@ -1426,7 +1426,7 @@ below.)
.PP
The
.B getline
-command returns 1 on success, zero on end of file, and \-1 on an error.
+function returns 1 on success, zero on end of file, and \-1 on an error.
If the
.IR errno (3)
value indicates that the I/O operation may be retried,
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info
index 6c678079..88c25c49 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.info
+++ b/doc/gawk.info
@@ -1097,7 +1097,7 @@ in *note Sample Programs::, should be of interest.
â *note Reading Files::, describes how âawkâ reads your data.
It introduces the concepts of records and fields, as well as
- the âgetlineâ command. I/O redirection is first described
+ the âgetlineâ function. I/O redirection is first described
here. Network I/O is also briefly introduced here.
â *note Printing::, describes how âawkâ programs can produce
@@ -4590,10 +4590,10 @@ one line. Each record is automatically split into
chunks called
âfieldsâ. This makes it more convenient for programs to work on the
parts of a record.
- On rare occasions, you may need to use the âgetlineâ command. The
-âgetlineâ command is valuable both because it can do explicit input from
-any number of files, and because the files used with it do not have to
-be named on the âawkâ command line (*note Getline::).
+ On rare occasions, you may need to use the âgetlineâ function. The
+âgetlineâ function is valuable both because it can do explicit input
+from any number of files, and because the files used with it do not have
+to be named on the âawkâ command line (*note Getline::).
* Menu:
@@ -6181,14 +6181,14 @@ output from another program) or the files specified on
the command line.
The âawkâ language has a special built-in command called âgetlineâ that
can be used to read input under your explicit control.
- The âgetlineâ command is used in several different ways and should
+ The âgetlineâ function is used in several different ways and should
_not_ be used by beginners. The examples that follow the explanation of
-the âgetlineâ command include material that has not been covered yet.
-Therefore, come back and study the âgetlineâ command _after_ you have
+the âgetlineâ function include material that has not been covered yet.
+Therefore, come back and study the âgetlineâ function _after_ you have
reviewed the rest of this Info file and have a good knowledge of how
âawkâ works.
- The âgetlineâ command returns 1 if it finds a record and 0 if it
+ The âgetlineâ function returns 1 if it finds a record and 0 if it
encounters the end of the file. If there is some error in getting a
record, such as a file that cannot be opened, then âgetlineâ returns â1.
In this case, âgawkâ sets the variable âERRNOâ to a string describing
@@ -6227,7 +6227,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Plain Getline, Next:
Getline/Variable, Up: Getline
4.10.1 Using âgetlineâ with No Arguments
----------------------------------------
-The âgetlineâ command can be used without arguments to read input from
+The âgetlineâ function can be used without arguments to read input from
the current input file. All it does in this case is read the next input
record and split it up into fields. This is useful if you've finished
processing the current record, but want to do some special processing on
@@ -6280,7 +6280,7 @@ regular expression.
⣠part 1 part 2 part 3
⣠no comment
- This form of the âgetlineâ command sets âNFâ, âNRâ, âFNRâ,
âRTâ, and
+ This form of the âgetlineâ function sets âNFâ, âNRâ, âFNRâ,
âRTâ, and
the value of â$0â.
NOTE: The new value of â$0â is used to test the patterns of any
@@ -6326,7 +6326,7 @@ and produces these results:
phore
free
- The âgetlineâ command used in this way sets only the variables âNRâ,
+ The âgetlineâ function used in this way sets only the variables
âNRâ,
âFNRâ, and âRTâ (and, of course, VAR). The record is not split into
fields, so the values of the fields (including â$0â) and the value of
âNFâ do not change.
@@ -6575,7 +6575,7 @@ in mind:
⢠An interesting side effect occurs if you use âgetlineâ without a
redirection inside a âBEGINâ rule. Because an unredirected
âgetlineâ reads from the command-line data files, the first
- âgetlineâ command causes âawkâ to set the value of âFILENAMEâ.
+ âgetlineâ function causes âawkâ to set the value of
âFILENAMEâ.
Normally, âFILENAMEâ does not have a value inside âBEGINâ rules,
because you have not yet started to process the command-line data
files. (d.c.) (See *note BEGIN/END::; also *note Auto-set::.)
@@ -6593,6 +6593,32 @@ in mind:
âFILENAMEâ to be updated if they cause âawkâ to start reading a
new
input file.
+ ⢠âgetlineâ is not a statement (unlike âprintâ), it's an
expression.
+ It has a result value, and can be used as part as a larger
+ expression, in control statements, and so on. Here are examples of
+ the "read until EOF/error" idiom:
+
+ while ("sort FILE" | getline line > 0)
+ print line
+ while (getline line < "file.txt" > 0)
+ print line
+
+ If you need to test the error code for being less than zero, you
+ need to enclose âgetlineâ in parentheses, to avoid it being
+ interpreted as input redirection:
+
+ if ((getline VAR) < 0)
+ print "Read error";
+
+ It is, in fact, best to parenthesize use of âgetlineâ in all
+ control expressions, as some versions of âawkâ require this. Thus,
+ the previos examples are best written this way:
+
+ while (("sort FILE" | getline line) > 0)
+ print line
+ while ((getline line < "file.txt") > 0)
+ print line
+
⢠If the variable being assigned is an expression with side effects,
different versions of âawkâ behave differently upon encountering
end-of-file. Some versions don't evaluate the expression; many
@@ -10478,7 +10504,7 @@ I/O from a âBEGINâ or âENDâ rule. The first
has to do with the value of
input is read, there simply is no input record, and therefore no fields,
when executing âBEGINâ rules. References to â$0â and the fields yield
a
null string or zero, depending upon the context. One way to give â$0â a
-real value is to execute a âgetlineâ command without a variable (*note
+real value is to execute a âgetlineâ function without a variable (*note
Getline::). Another way is simply to assign a value to â$0â.
The second point is similar to the first, but from the other
@@ -10569,7 +10595,7 @@ level of the âawkâ program.
either a âBEGINFILEâ or an âENDFILEâ rule. The ânextfileâ
statement is
allowed only inside a âBEGINFILEâ rule, not inside an âENDFILEâ rule.
- The âgetlineâ statement (*note Getline::) is restricted inside both
+ The âgetlineâ function (*note Getline::) is restricted inside both
âBEGINFILEâ and âENDFILEâ: only redirected forms of âgetlineâ are
allowed.
@@ -10690,7 +10716,7 @@ Compound statements
âifâ, âwhileâ, âdoâ, or âforâ statement.
Input statements
- Use the âgetlineâ command (*note Getline::). Also supplied in
+ Use the âgetlineâ function (*note Getline::). Also supplied in
âawkâ are the ânextâ statement (*note Next Statement::) and the
ânextfileâ statement (*note Nextfile Statement::).
@@ -34782,7 +34808,7 @@ Redirection
standard input stream, or performing output to something other than
the standard output stream.
- You can redirect input to the âgetlineâ statement using the â<â,
+ You can redirect input to the âgetlineâ function using the â<â,
â|â, and â|&â operators. You can redirect the output of the
âprintâ and âprintfâ statements to a file or a system command,
using the â>â, â>>â, â|â, and â|&â operators. (*Note
Getline::,
@@ -37450,7 +37476,7 @@ Index
* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 134)
* differences in awk and gawk, function arguments: Calling Built-in.
(line 16)
-* differences in awk and gawk, getline command: Getline. (line 19)
+* differences in awk and gawk, getline function: Getline. (line 19)
* differences in awk and gawk, IGNORECASE variable: User-modified.
(line 79)
* differences in awk and gawk, implementation limitations: Getline Notes.
@@ -37697,7 +37723,7 @@ Index
* ERRNO variable <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54)
* ERRNO variable, with BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 32)
* ERRNO variable, with close() function: Close Return Value. (line 14)
-* ERRNO variable, with getline command: Getline. (line 19)
+* ERRNO variable, with getline function: Getline. (line 19)
* error handling: Special FD. (line 19)
* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 87)
* error output: Special FD. (line 6)
@@ -38177,23 +38203,23 @@ Index
* getgrnam() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 176)
* getgruser() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 191)
* getgruser() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 194)
-* getline command: Reading Files. (line 20)
-* getline command, _gr_init() user-defined function: Group Functions.
+* getline function: Reading Files. (line 20)
+* getline function, _gr_init() user-defined function: Group Functions.
(line 83)
-* getline command, _pw_init() function: Passwd Functions. (line 154)
-* getline command, BEGINFILE/ENDFILE patterns and: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE.
+* getline function, _pw_init() function: Passwd Functions. (line 154)
+* getline function, BEGINFILE/ENDFILE patterns and: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE.
(line 60)
-* getline command, coprocesses, using from: Getline/Coprocess.
+* getline function, coprocesses, using from: Getline/Coprocess.
(line 6)
-* getline command, coprocesses, using from <1>: Close Files And Pipes.
+* getline function, coprocesses, using from <1>: Close Files And Pipes.
(line 6)
-* getline command, deadlock and: Two-way I/O. (line 53)
-* getline command, explicit input with: Getline. (line 6)
-* getline command, FILENAME variable and: Getline Notes. (line 19)
-* getline command, from a file: Getline/File. (line 6)
-* getline command, into a variable: Getline/Variable. (line 6)
-* getline command, return values: Getline. (line 19)
-* getline command, variants: Getline Summary. (line 6)
+* getline function, deadlock and: Two-way I/O. (line 53)
+* getline function, explicit input with: Getline. (line 6)
+* getline function, FILENAME variable and: Getline Notes. (line 19)
+* getline function, from a file: Getline/File. (line 6)
+* getline function, into a variable: Getline/Variable. (line 6)
+* getline function, return values: Getline. (line 19)
+* getline function, variants: Getline Summary. (line 6)
* getlocaltime() user-defined function: Getlocaltime Function.
(line 16)
* getopt() function (C library): Getopt Function. (line 15)
@@ -38593,7 +38619,7 @@ Index
* monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104)
* Moon, Sailor: Internationalization.
(line 6)
-* Moore, Duncan: Getline Notes. (line 40)
+* Moore, Duncan: Getline Notes. (line 66)
* MPFR library, building with: Compiling with MPFR. (line 6)
* MPFR values, API ownership of: API Ownership of MPFR and GMP Values.
(line 6)
@@ -39647,7 +39673,7 @@ Index
* troubleshooting, gawk, bug reports: Bugs. (line 9)
* troubleshooting, gawk, fatal errors, function arguments: Calling Built-in.
(line 16)
-* troubleshooting, getline command: File Checking. (line 25)
+* troubleshooting, getline function: File Checking. (line 25)
* troubleshooting, gsub()/sub() functions: String Functions. (line 502)
* troubleshooting, match() function: String Functions. (line 310)
* troubleshooting, print statement, omitting commas: Print Examples.
@@ -39758,12 +39784,12 @@ Index
* variables, assigning on command line: Assignment Options. (line 6)
* variables, built-in: Using Variables. (line 23)
* variables, flag: Boolean Ops. (line 69)
-* variables, getline command into, using: Getline/Variable. (line 6)
-* variables, getline command into, using <1>: Getline/Variable/File.
+* variables, getline function into, using: Getline/Variable. (line 6)
+* variables, getline function into, using <1>: Getline/Variable/File.
(line 6)
-* variables, getline command into, using <2>: Getline/Variable/Pipe.
+* variables, getline function into, using <2>: Getline/Variable/Pipe.
(line 6)
-* variables, getline command into, using <3>: Getline/Variable/Coprocess.
+* variables, getline function into, using <3>: Getline/Variable/Coprocess.
(line 6)
* variables, global, for library functions: Library Names. (line 11)
* variables, global, printing list of: Options. (line 97)
@@ -39866,617 +39892,617 @@ Node: History56625
Node: Names59239
Ref: Names-Footnote-160393
Node: This Manual60556
-Ref: This Manual-Footnote-167485
-Node: Conventions67593
-Node: Manual History70022
-Ref: Manual History-Footnote-173047
-Ref: Manual History-Footnote-273088
-Node: How To Contribute73162
-Node: Acknowledgments74108
-Node: Getting Started79097
-Node: Running gawk81624
-Node: One-shot82842
-Node: Read Terminal84141
-Node: Long86195
-Node: Executable Scripts87845
-Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-190615
-Node: Comments90722
-Node: Quoting93252
-Node: DOS Quoting98896
-Node: Sample Data Files100976
-Node: Very Simple103611
-Node: Two Rules109865
-Node: More Complex111817
-Node: Statements/Lines114237
-Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1119749
-Node: Other Features120038
-Node: When121006
-Ref: When-Footnote-1122808
-Node: Intro Summary122873
-Node: Invoking Gawk123827
-Node: Command Line125389
-Node: Options126239
-Ref: Options-Footnote-1145579
-Ref: Options-Footnote-2145814
-Node: Other Arguments145839
-Node: Naming Standard Input150004
-Node: Environment Variables151274
-Node: AWKPATH Variable151848
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1155432
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2155466
-Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable155857
-Ref: AWKLIBPATH Variable-Footnote-1157630
-Node: Other Environment Variables158025
-Node: Exit Status162501
-Node: Include Files163214
-Node: Loading Shared Libraries167266
-Node: Obsolete168756
-Node: Undocumented169504
-Node: Invoking Summary169801
-Node: Regexp172826
-Node: Regexp Usage174320
-Node: Escape Sequences176421
-Ref: Escape Sequences-Footnote-1183956
-Node: Regexp Operators184034
-Node: Regexp Operator Details184527
-Ref: Regexp Operator Details-Footnote-1192538
-Node: Interval Expressions192697
-Ref: Interval Expressions-Footnote-1194964
-Node: Bracket Expressions195062
-Ref: table-char-classes197618
-Node: Leftmost Longest201116
-Node: Computed Regexps202472
-Node: GNU Regexp Operators205987
-Node: Case-sensitivity211082
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1214032
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2214275
-Node: Regexp Summary214387
-Node: Reading Files215909
-Node: Records218226
-Node: awk split records219501
-Node: gawk split records224383
-Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1229671
-Node: Fields229708
-Ref: Fields-Footnote-1232624
-Node: Nonconstant Fields232744
-Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1235052
-Node: Changing Fields235268
-Node: Field Separators241566
-Node: Default Field Splitting244435
-Node: Regexp Field Splitting245577
-Node: Single Character Fields249406
-Node: Comma Separated Fields250495
-Ref: table-csv-examples251899
-Node: Command Line Field Separator254198
-Node: Full Line Fields257574
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1259152
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2259198
-Node: Field Splitting Summary259303
-Node: Constant Size261620
-Node: Fixed width data262364
-Node: Skipping intervening265879
-Node: Allowing trailing data266681
-Node: Fields with fixed data267742
-Node: Splitting By Content269364
-Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1273814
-Node: More CSV273977
-Node: FS versus FPAT275635
-Node: Testing field creation276835
-Node: Multiple Line278609
-Node: Getline285078
-Node: Plain Getline287661
-Node: Getline/Variable290307
-Node: Getline/File291502
-Node: Getline/Variable/File292950
-Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1294595
-Node: Getline/Pipe294691
-Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe297499
-Node: Getline/Coprocess298682
-Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess300005
-Node: Getline Notes300771
-Node: Getline Summary303724
-Ref: table-getline-variants304168
-Node: Read Timeout305072
-Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1309034
-Node: Retrying Input309092
-Node: Command-line directories310359
-Node: Input Summary311297
-Node: Input Exercises314677
-Node: Printing315115
-Node: Print317058
-Node: Print Examples318559
-Node: Output Separators321404
-Node: OFMT323511
-Node: Printf325224
-Node: Basic Printf326029
-Node: Control Letters327664
-Node: Format Modifiers333110
-Node: Printf Examples339382
-Node: Redirection341923
-Node: Special FD349695
-Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1352993
-Node: Special Files353071
-Node: Other Inherited Files353700
-Node: Special Network354765
-Node: Special Caveats355653
-Node: Close Files And Pipes356636
-Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1362760
-Node: Close Return Value362908
-Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values364179
-Ref: Close Return Value-Footnote-1365010
-Node: Noflush365166
-Node: Nonfatal366674
-Node: Output Summary369089
-Node: Output Exercises370375
-Node: Expressions371066
-Node: Values372266
-Node: Constants372944
-Node: Scalar Constants373639
-Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1376215
-Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-2376465
-Node: Nondecimal-numbers376545
-Node: Regexp Constants379658
-Node: Using Constant Regexps380204
-Node: Standard Regexp Constants380850
-Node: Strong Regexp Constants384146
-Node: Variables387989
-Node: Using Variables388654
-Node: Assignment Options390628
-Node: Conversion393179
-Node: Strings And Numbers393711
-Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1396921
-Node: Locale influences conversions397030
-Ref: table-locale-affects399868
-Node: All Operators400510
-Node: Arithmetic Ops401151
-Node: Concatenation403974
-Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1406910
-Node: Assignment Ops407029
-Ref: table-assign-ops412156
-Node: Increment Ops413537
-Node: Truth Values and Conditions417128
-Node: Truth Values418222
-Node: Typing and Comparison419302
-Node: Variable Typing420134
-Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1426778
-Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-2426858
-Node: Comparison Operators426939
-Ref: table-relational-ops427366
-Node: POSIX String Comparison431042
-Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1432799
-Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-2432942
-Node: Boolean Ops433026
-Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1437700
-Node: Conditional Exp437796
-Node: Function Calls439576
-Node: Precedence443523
-Node: Locales447386
-Node: Expressions Summary449062
-Node: Patterns and Actions451717
-Node: Pattern Overview452853
-Node: Regexp Patterns454578
-Node: Expression Patterns455124
-Node: Ranges459029
-Node: BEGIN/END462203
-Node: Using BEGIN/END463012
-Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1465920
-Node: I/O And BEGIN/END466030
-Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE468511
-Node: Empty471942
-Node: Using Shell Variables472259
-Node: Action Overview474595
-Node: Statements477030
-Node: If Statement478926
-Node: While Statement480489
-Node: Do Statement482577
-Node: For Statement483761
-Node: Switch Statement487116
-Node: Break Statement489665
-Node: Continue Statement491857
-Node: Next Statement493788
-Node: Nextfile Statement496267
-Node: Exit Statement499120
-Node: Built-in Variables501647
-Node: User-modified502824
-Node: Auto-set511031
-Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1529115
-Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2529333
-Node: ARGC and ARGV529389
-Node: Pattern Action Summary533818
-Node: Arrays536424
-Node: Array Basics537797
-Node: Array Intro538645
-Ref: figure-array-elements540656
-Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1543509
-Node: Reference to Elements543641
-Node: Assigning Elements546161
-Node: Array Example546656
-Node: Scanning an Array548618
-Node: Controlling Scanning551713
-Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1558348
-Node: Numeric Array Subscripts558672
-Node: Uninitialized Subscripts560940
-Node: Delete562613
-Ref: Delete-Footnote-1565425
-Node: Multidimensional565482
-Node: Multiscanning568685
-Node: Arrays of Arrays570352
-Node: Arrays Summary574656
-Node: Functions576843
-Node: Built-in577975
-Node: Calling Built-in579164
-Node: Boolean Functions581204
-Node: Numeric Functions581766
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1585951
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2586634
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3586686
-Node: String Functions586962
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1613413
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2613545
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3613801
-Node: Gory Details613888
-Ref: table-sub-escapes615897
-Ref: table-sub-proposed617528
-Ref: table-posix-sub619023
-Ref: table-gensub-escapes620696
-Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1621615
-Node: I/O Functions621769
-Ref: table-system-return-values628445
-Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1630607
-Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-2630755
-Node: Time Functions630875
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1642587
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2642655
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3642817
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4642928
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5643044
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6643271
-Node: Bitwise Functions643549
-Ref: table-bitwise-ops644147
-Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1650389
-Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-2650566
-Node: Type Functions650761
-Node: I18N Functions652932
-Node: User-defined654667
-Node: Definition Syntax655413
-Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1661231
-Node: Function Example661306
-Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1664285
-Node: Function Calling664307
-Node: Calling A Function664899
-Node: Variable Scope665869
-Node: Pass By Value/Reference668923
-Node: Function Caveats671651
-Ref: Function Caveats-Footnote-1673742
-Node: Return Statement673862
-Node: Dynamic Typing676894
-Node: Dynamic Typing Awk677472
-Node: Dynamic Typing Gawk679610
-Node: Indirect Calls682980
-Node: Functions Summary694117
-Node: Library Functions697083
-Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1700631
-Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2700776
-Node: Library Names700951
-Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1704722
-Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2704949
-Node: General Functions705043
-Node: Strtonum Function706313
-Node: Assert Function709395
-Node: Round Function712845
-Node: Cliff Random Function714417
-Node: Ordinal Functions715441
-Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1718544
-Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2718796
-Node: Join Function719010
-Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1720808
-Node: Getlocaltime Function721012
-Node: Readfile Function724786
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+Node: Translator i18n975598
+Node: String Extraction976428
+Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1977604
+Node: Printf Ordering977702
+Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1980560
+Node: I18N Portability980628
+Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1983188
+Node: I18N Example983255
+Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1986649
+Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-2986722
+Node: Gawk I18N986839
+Node: I18N Summary987493
+Node: Debugger988890
+Node: Debugging989910
+Node: Debugging Concepts990359
+Node: Debugging Terms992176
+Node: Awk Debugging994779
+Ref: Awk Debugging-Footnote-1995752
+Node: Sample Debugging Session995888
+Node: Debugger Invocation996438
+Node: Finding The Bug998063
+Node: List of Debugger Commands1004695
+Node: Breakpoint Control1006072
+Node: Debugger Execution Control1009894
+Node: Viewing And Changing Data1013368
+Node: Execution Stack1017102
+Node: Debugger Info1018783
+Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands1023078
+Node: Readline Support1028319
+Node: Limitations1029263
+Node: Debugging Summary1031887
+Node: Namespaces1033186
+Node: Global Namespace1034313
+Node: Qualified Names1035747
+Node: Default Namespace1036782
+Node: Changing The Namespace1037555
+Node: Naming Rules1039237
+Node: Internal Name Management1041152
+Node: Namespace Example1042222
+Node: Namespace And Features1044799
+Node: Namespace Summary1046254
+Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic1047765
+Node: Computer Arithmetic1049284
+Ref: table-numeric-ranges1053092
+Ref: table-floating-point-ranges1053589
+Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-11054247
+Node: Math Definitions1054304
+Ref: table-ieee-formats1057336
+Node: MPFR features1057909
+Node: MPFR On Parole1058362
+Ref: MPFR On Parole-Footnote-11059203
+Node: MPFR Intro1059362
+Node: FP Math Caution1061046
+Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-11062118
+Node: Inexactness of computations1062491
+Node: Inexact representation1063522
+Node: Comparing FP Values1064903
+Node: Errors accumulate1066161
+Node: Strange values1067626
+Ref: Strange values-Footnote-11070280
+Node: Getting Accuracy1070385
+Node: Try To Round1073122
+Node: Setting precision1074029
+Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings1074734
+Node: Setting the rounding mode1076618
+Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes1077000
+Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-11081052
+Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers1081235
+Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-11084445
+Node: Checking for MPFR1084598
+Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems1086088
+Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-11090908
+Node: Floating point summary1090946
+Node: Dynamic Extensions1093202
+Node: Extension Intro1094799
+Node: Plugin License1096101
+Node: Extension Mechanism Outline1096914
+Ref: figure-load-extension1097365
+Ref: figure-register-new-function1098943
+Ref: figure-call-new-function1100052
+Node: Extension API Description1102167
+Node: Extension API Functions Introduction1103896
+Ref: table-api-std-headers1105790
+Node: General Data Types1110231
+Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-11119377
+Node: Memory Allocation Functions1119680
+Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-11124397
+Node: Constructor Functions1124496
+Node: API Ownership of MPFR and GMP Values1128397
+Node: Registration Functions1129950
+Node: Extension Functions1130654
+Node: Exit Callback Functions1136228
+Node: Extension Version String1137542
+Node: Input Parsers1138237
+Node: Output Wrappers1152856
+Node: Two-way processors1157698
+Node: Printing Messages1160051
+Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-11161262
+Node: Updating ERRNO1161415
+Node: Requesting Values1162214
+Ref: table-value-types-returned1162967
+Node: Accessing Parameters1165026
+Node: Symbol Table Access1166307
+Node: Symbol table by name1166819
+Ref: Symbol table by name-Footnote-11170020
+Node: Symbol table by cookie1170152
+Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-11174421
+Node: Cached values1174485
+Ref: Cached values-Footnote-11178117
+Node: Array Manipulation1178274
+Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-11179373
+Node: Array Data Types1179410
+Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-11182228
+Node: Array Functions1182324
+Node: Flattening Arrays1187353
+Node: Creating Arrays1194401
+Node: Redirection API1199243
+Node: Extension API Variables1202260
+Node: Extension Versioning1202983
+Ref: gawk-api-version1203412
+Node: Extension GMP/MPFR Versioning1205199
+Node: Extension API Informational Variables1206903
+Node: Extension API Boilerplate1208156
+Node: Changes from API V11212286
+Node: Finding Extensions1213918
+Node: Extension Example1214493
+Node: Internal File Description1215315
+Node: Internal File Ops1219607
+Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11231157
+Node: Using Internal File Ops1231305
+Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11233736
+Node: Extension Samples1234014
+Node: Extension Sample File Functions1235583
+Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1243708
+Node: Extension Sample Fork1245303
+Node: Extension Sample Inplace1246579
+Node: Extension Sample Ord1250681
+Node: Extension Sample Readdir1251557
+Ref: table-readdir-file-types1252346
+Node: Extension Sample Revout1253702
+Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1254299
+Node: Extension Sample Read write array1255051
+Node: Extension Sample Readfile1258325
+Node: Extension Sample Time1259456
+Node: Extension Sample API Tests1261456
+Node: gawkextlib1261964
+Node: Extension summary1264996
+Node: Extension Exercises1268844
+Node: Language History1270114
+Node: V7/SVR3.11271826
+Node: SVR41274176
+Node: POSIX1275708
+Node: BTL1277133
+Node: POSIX/GNU1277900
+Node: Feature History1284555
+Node: Common Extensions1304396
+Node: Ranges and Locales1305871
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11310656
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21310683
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31310918
+Node: Contributors1311141
+Node: History summary1317332
+Node: Installation1318774
+Node: Gawk Distribution1319738
+Node: Getting1320230
+Node: Extracting1321229
+Node: Distribution contents1322935
+Node: Unix Installation1330825
+Node: Quick Installation1331645
+Node: Compiling with MPFR1334185
+Node: Shell Startup Files1334891
+Node: Additional Configuration Options1336048
+Node: Configuration Philosophy1338431
+Node: Compiling from Git1340931
+Node: Building the Documentation1341490
+Node: Non-Unix Installation1342902
+Node: PC Installation1343378
+Node: PC Binary Installation1344247
+Node: PC Compiling1345140
+Node: PC Using1346318
+Node: Cygwin1350034
+Node: MSYS1351286
+Node: OpenVMS Installation1351912
+Node: OpenVMS Compilation1352593
+Ref: OpenVMS Compilation-Footnote-11354076
+Node: OpenVMS Dynamic Extensions1354134
+Node: OpenVMS Installation Details1355770
+Node: OpenVMS Running1358201
+Node: OpenVMS GNV1362338
+Node: Bugs1363093
+Node: Bug definition1364013
+Node: Bug address1367614
+Node: Usenet1371183
+Node: Performance bugs1372396
+Node: Asking for help1375412
+Node: Maintainers1377399
+Node: Other Versions1378426
+Node: Installation summary1388030
+Node: Notes1389412
+Node: Compatibility Mode1390222
+Node: Additions1391044
+Node: Accessing The Source1391989
+Node: Adding Code1393520
+Node: New Ports1400631
+Node: Derived Files1405134
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11410945
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21410980
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31411591
+Node: Future Extensions1411705
+Node: Implementation Limitations1412375
+Node: Extension Design1413617
+Node: Old Extension Problems1414777
+Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11416349
+Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1416410
+Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11419880
+Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1420081
+Node: Extension Future Growth1422278
+Node: Notes summary1422898
+Node: Basic Concepts1424108
+Node: Basic High Level1424793
+Ref: figure-general-flow1425075
+Ref: figure-process-flow1425777
+Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11429147
+Node: Basic Data Typing1429336
+Node: Glossary1432744
+Node: Copying1465622
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License1503180
+Node: Index1528303
End Tag Table
diff --git a/doc/gawk.texi b/doc/gawk.texi
index 4969ebe8..78dae299 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.texi
+++ b/doc/gawk.texi
@@ -1684,7 +1684,7 @@ supported by POSIX @command{awk} and @command{gawk}.
@ref{Reading Files},
describes how @command{awk} reads your data.
It introduces the concepts of records and fields, as well
-as the @code{getline} command.
+as the @code{getline} function.
I/O redirection is first described here.
Network I/O is also briefly introduced here.
@@ -6765,9 +6765,9 @@ By default, each record is one line. Each
record is automatically split into chunks called @dfn{fields}.
This makes it more convenient for programs to work on the parts of a record.
-@cindex @code{getline} command
-On rare occasions, you may need to use the @code{getline} command.
-The @code{getline} command is valuable both because it
+@cindex @code{getline} function
+On rare occasions, you may need to use the @code{getline} function.
+The @code{getline} function is valuable both because it
can do explicit input from any number of files, and because the files
used with it do not have to be named on the @command{awk} command line
(@pxref{Getline}).
@@ -8729,7 +8729,7 @@ then @command{gawk} sets @code{RT} to the null string.
@node Getline
@section Explicit Input with @code{getline}
-@cindex @code{getline} command @subentry explicit input with
+@cindex @code{getline} function @subentry explicit input with
@cindex input @subentry explicit
So far we have been getting our input data from @command{awk}'s main
input stream---either the standard input (usually your keyboard, sometimes
@@ -8738,11 +8738,11 @@ files specified on the command line. The @command{awk}
language has a
special built-in command called @code{getline} that
can be used to read input under your explicit control.
-The @code{getline} command is used in several different ways and should
+The @code{getline} function is used in several different ways and should
@emph{not} be used by beginners.
-The examples that follow the explanation of the @code{getline} command
+The examples that follow the explanation of the @code{getline} function
include material that has not been covered yet. Therefore, come back
-and study the @code{getline} command @emph{after} you have reviewed the
+and study the @code{getline} function @emph{after} you have reviewed the
rest of
@ifinfo
this @value{DOCUMENT}
@@ -8758,12 +8758,12 @@ Parts I and II
and have a good knowledge of how @command{awk} works.
@cindex @command{gawk} @subentry @code{ERRNO} variable in
-@cindex @code{ERRNO} variable @subentry with @command{getline} command
-@cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk} @subentry
@code{getline} command
-@cindex @code{getline} command @subentry return values
+@cindex @code{ERRNO} variable @subentry with @command{getline} function
+@cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk} @subentry
@code{getline} function
+@cindex @code{getline} function @subentry return values
@cindex @option{--sandbox} option @subentry input redirection with
@code{getline}
-The @code{getline} command returns 1 if it finds a record and 0 if
+The @code{getline} function returns 1 if it finds a record and 0 if
it encounters the end of the file. If there is some error in getting
a record, such as a file that cannot be opened, then @code{getline}
returns @minus{}1. In this case, @command{gawk} sets the variable
@@ -8803,7 +8803,7 @@ reading lines from files, pipes, and coprocesses is
disabled.
@node Plain Getline
@subsection Using @code{getline} with No Arguments
-The @code{getline} command can be used without arguments to read input
+The @code{getline} function can be used without arguments to read input
from the current input file. All it does in this case is read the next
input record and split it up into fields. This is useful if you've
finished processing the current record, but want to do some special
@@ -8869,7 +8869,7 @@ $ @kbd{awk -f strip_comments.awk example_text}
@print{} no comment
@end example
-This form of the @code{getline} command sets @code{NF},
+This form of the @code{getline} function sets @code{NF},
@code{NR}, @code{FNR}, @code{RT}, and the value of @code{$0}.
@quotation NOTE
@@ -8884,8 +8884,8 @@ rule in the program. @xref{Next Statement}.
@node Getline/Variable
@subsection Using @code{getline} into a Variable
-@cindex @code{getline} command @subentry into a variable
-@cindex variables @subentry @code{getline} command into, using
+@cindex @code{getline} function @subentry into a variable
+@cindex variables @subentry @code{getline} function into, using
You can use @samp{getline @var{var}} to read the next record from
@command{awk}'s input into the variable @var{var}. No other processing is
@@ -8929,7 +8929,7 @@ phore
free
@end example
-The @code{getline} command used in this way sets only the variables
+The @code{getline} function used in this way sets only the variables
@code{NR}, @code{FNR}, and @code{RT} (and, of course, @var{var}).
The record is not
split into fields, so the values of the fields (including @code{$0}) and
@@ -8938,7 +8938,7 @@ the value of @code{NF} do not change.
@node Getline/File
@subsection Using @code{getline} from a File
-@cindex @code{getline} command @subentry from a file
+@cindex @code{getline} function @subentry from a file
@cindex input redirection
@cindex redirection @subentry of input
@cindex @code{<} (left angle bracket) @subentry @code{<} operator (I/O)
@@ -8980,7 +8980,7 @@ you want your program to be portable to all @command{awk}
implementations.
@node Getline/Variable/File
@subsection Using @code{getline} into a Variable from a File
-@cindex variables @subentry @code{getline} command into, using
+@cindex variables @subentry @code{getline} function into, using
Use @samp{getline @var{var} < @var{file}} to read input
from the file
@@ -9134,7 +9134,7 @@ have to worry.
@node Getline/Variable/Pipe
@subsection Using @code{getline} into a Variable from a Pipe
-@cindex variables @subentry @code{getline} command into, using
+@cindex variables @subentry @code{getline} function into, using
When you use @samp{@var{command} | getline @var{var}}, the
output of @var{command} is sent through a pipe to
@@ -9167,7 +9167,7 @@ program to be portable to other @command{awk}
implementations.
@node Getline/Coprocess
@subsection Using @code{getline} from a Coprocess
@cindex coprocesses @subentry @code{getline} from
-@cindex @code{getline} command @subentry coprocesses, using from
+@cindex @code{getline} function @subentry coprocesses, using from
@cindex @code{|} (vertical bar) @subentry @code{|&} operator (I/O)
@cindex vertical bar (@code{|}) @subentry @code{|&} operator (I/O)
@cindex operators @subentry input/output
@@ -9207,7 +9207,7 @@ where coprocesses are discussed in more detail.
@node Getline/Variable/Coprocess
@subsection Using @code{getline} into a Variable from a Coprocess
-@cindex variables @subentry @code{getline} command into, using
+@cindex variables @subentry @code{getline} function into, using
When you use @samp{@var{command} |& getline @var{var}}, the output from
the coprocess @var{command} is sent through a two-way pipe to @code{getline}
@@ -9250,12 +9250,12 @@ system permits.
@cindex side effects @subentry @code{FILENAME} variable
@cindex @code{FILENAME} variable @subentry @code{getline}, setting with
@cindex dark corner @subentry @code{FILENAME} variable
-@cindex @code{getline} command @subentry @code{FILENAME} variable and
+@cindex @code{getline} function @subentry @code{FILENAME} variable and
@cindex @code{BEGIN} pattern @subentry @code{getline} and
@item
An interesting side effect occurs if you use @code{getline} without a
redirection inside a @code{BEGIN} rule. Because an unredirected @code{getline}
-reads from the command-line @value{DF}s, the first @code{getline} command
+reads from the command-line @value{DF}s, the first @code{getline} function
causes @command{awk} to set the value of @code{FILENAME}. Normally,
@code{FILENAME} does not have a value inside @code{BEGIN} rules, because you
have not yet started to process the command-line @value{DF}s.
@@ -9286,6 +9286,40 @@ It is worth noting that those variants that do not use
redirection
can cause @code{FILENAME} to be updated if they cause
@command{awk} to start reading a new input file.
+@item
+@code{getline} is not a statement (unlike @code{print}), it's an
+expression. It has a result value, and can be used as part as a
+larger expression, in control statements, and so on.
+Here are examples of the ``read until EOF/error'' idiom:
+
+@example
+while ("sort FILE" | getline line > 0)
+ print line
+while (getline line < "file.txt" > 0)
+ print line
+@end example
+
+If you need to test the error code for being less than zero,
+you need to enclose @code{getline} in parentheses, to avoid
+it being interpreted as input redirection:
+
+@example
+if ((getline VAR) < 0)
+ print "Read error";
+@end example
+
+It is, in fact, best to parenthesize use of @command{getline}
+in all control expressions, as some versions of @command{awk}
+require this. Thus, the previos examples are best written
+this way:
+
+@example
+while (("sort FILE" | getline line) > 0)
+ print line
+while ((getline line < "file.txt") > 0)
+ print line
+@end example
+
@item
@cindex Moore, Duncan
If the variable being assigned is an expression with side effects,
@@ -9318,7 +9352,7 @@ know that there is a string value to be assigned.
@node Getline Summary
@subsection Summary of @code{getline} Variants
-@cindex @code{getline} command @subentry variants
+@cindex @code{getline} function @subentry variants
@ref{table-getline-variants}
summarizes the eight variants of @code{getline},
@@ -10883,7 +10917,7 @@ Doing so results in unpredictable behavior.
@cindex output @subentry files, closing
@cindex pipe @subentry closing
@cindex coprocesses @subentry closing
-@cindex @code{getline} command @subentry coprocesses, using from
+@cindex @code{getline} function @subentry coprocesses, using from
@menu
* Close Return Value:: Using the return value from @code{close()}.
@@ -14413,7 +14447,7 @@ rule. Because @code{BEGIN} rules are executed before
any input is read,
there simply is no input record, and therefore no fields, when
executing @code{BEGIN} rules. References to @code{$0} and the fields
yield a null string or zero, depending upon the context. One way
-to give @code{$0} a real value is to execute a @code{getline} command
+to give @code{$0} a real value is to execute a @code{getline} function
without a variable (@pxref{Getline}).
Another way is simply to assign a value to @code{$0}.
@@ -14548,8 +14582,8 @@ either a @code{BEGINFILE} or an @code{ENDFILE} rule.
The @code{nextfile}
statement is allowed only inside a
@code{BEGINFILE} rule, not inside an @code{ENDFILE} rule.
-@cindex @code{getline} command @subentry @code{BEGINFILE}/@code{ENDFILE}
patterns and
-The @code{getline} statement (@pxref{Getline}) is restricted inside
+@cindex @code{getline} function @subentry @code{BEGINFILE}/@code{ENDFILE}
patterns and
+The @code{getline} function (@pxref{Getline}) is restricted inside
both @code{BEGINFILE} and @code{ENDFILE}: only redirected
forms of @code{getline} are allowed.
@@ -14703,7 +14737,7 @@ is used in order to put several statements together in
the body of an
@code{if}, @code{while}, @code{do}, or @code{for} statement.
@item Input statements
-Use the @code{getline} command
+Use the @code{getline} function
(@pxref{Getline}).
Also supplied in @command{awk} are the @code{next}
statement (@pxref{Next Statement})
@@ -23336,7 +23370,7 @@ BEGIN @{
@c endfile
@end example
-@cindex troubleshooting @subentry @code{getline} command
+@cindex troubleshooting @subentry @code{getline} function
This works, because the @code{getline} won't be fatal.
Removing the element from @code{ARGV} with @code{delete}
skips the file (because it's no longer in the list).
@@ -24183,7 +24217,7 @@ The variable @code{_pw_inited} is used for efficiency,
as @code{_pw_init()}
needs to be called only once.
@cindex @code{PROCINFO} array @subentry testing the field splitting
-@cindex @code{getline} command @subentry @code{_pw_init()} function
+@cindex @code{getline} function @subentry @code{_pw_init()} function
Because this function uses @code{getline} to read information from
@command{pwcat}, it first saves the values of @code{FS}, @code{RS}, and
@code{$0}.
It notes in the variable @code{using_fw} whether field splitting
@@ -24455,7 +24489,7 @@ $ @kbd{grcat}
Here are the functions for obtaining information from the group database.
There are several, modeled after the C library functions of the same names:
-@cindex @code{getline} command @subentry @code{_gr_init()} user-defined
function
+@cindex @code{getline} function @subentry @code{_gr_init()} user-defined
function
@cindex @code{_gr_init()} user-defined function
@cindex user-defined @subentry function @subentry @code{_gr_init()}
@example
@@ -29866,7 +29900,7 @@ standard error separately.
@cindex deadlocks
@cindex buffering @subentry input/output
-@cindex @code{getline} command @subentry deadlock and
+@cindex @code{getline} function @subentry deadlock and
@item
I/O buffering may be a problem. @command{gawk} automatically
flushes all output down the pipe to the coprocess.
@@ -46158,7 +46192,7 @@ Otherwise, refer to the entry for ``recursion.''
Redirection means performing input from something other than the standard input
stream, or performing output to something other than the standard output
stream.
-You can redirect input to the @code{getline} statement using
+You can redirect input to the @code{getline} function using
the @samp{<}, @samp{|}, and @samp{|&} operators.
You can redirect the output of the @code{print} and @code{printf} statements
to a file or a system command, using the @samp{>}, @samp{>>}, @samp{|}, and
@samp{|&}
diff --git a/doc/gawkinet.info b/doc/gawkinet.info
index 17ebaee2..bff87daf 100644
--- a/doc/gawkinet.info
+++ b/doc/gawkinet.info
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-This is gawkinet.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.0.1 from
+This is gawkinet.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from
gawkinet.texi.
This is Edition 1.6 of âTCP/IP Internetworking with âgawkââ, for the
@@ -12,19 +12,19 @@ This is Edition 1.6 of âTCP/IP Internetworking with
âgawkââ, for the
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
-Invariant Sections being âGNU General Public Licenseâ, the Front-Cover
+Invariant Sections being "GNU General Public License", the Front-Cover
texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b)
(see below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
-âGNU Free Documentation Licenseâ.
+"GNU Free Documentation License".
- a. âA GNU Manualâ
+ a. "A GNU Manual"
- b. âYou have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual. Buying
+ b. "You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual. Buying
copies from the FSF supports it in developing GNU and promoting
- software freedom.â
+ software freedom."
INFO-DIR-SECTION Network applications
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-* awkinet: (gawkinet). TCP/IP Internetworking With âgawkâ.
+* awkinet: (gawkinet). TCP/IP Internetworking With 'gawk'.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
@@ -47,16 +47,16 @@ This file documents the networking features in GNU Awk
(âgawkâ) version
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
-Invariant Sections being âGNU General Public Licenseâ, the Front-Cover
+Invariant Sections being "GNU General Public License", the Front-Cover
texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b)
(see below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
-âGNU Free Documentation Licenseâ.
+"GNU Free Documentation License".
- a. âA GNU Manualâ
+ a. "A GNU Manual"
- b. âYou have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual. Buying
+ b. "You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual. Buying
copies from the FSF supports it in developing GNU and promoting
- software freedom.â
+ software freedom."
* Menu:
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ the production versions of âgawkâ available from his
home page. In
August of 2000 (for âgawkâ 3.0.6), this patch also made it to the main
GNU âftpâ distribution site.
- For release with âgawkâ, I edited Jürgenâs prose for English grammar
+ For release with âgawkâ, I edited Jürgen's prose for English grammar
and style, as he is not a native English speaker. I also rearranged the
material somewhat for what I felt was a better order of presentation,
and (re)wrote some of the introductory material.
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ When you make a phone call, the following steps occur:
The same steps occur in a duplex reliable computer networking
connection. There is considerably more overhead in setting up the
-communications, but once itâs done, data moves in both directions,
+communications, but once it's done, data moves in both directions,
reliably, in sequence.
@@ -216,12 +216,12 @@ following.
does not occur very often.)
6. In a computer network, one or more âpacketsâ may also arrive
- multiple times. (This doesnât happen with the postal system!)
+ multiple times. (This doesn't happen with the postal system!)
The important characteristics of datagram communications, like those
of the postal system are thus:
- ⢠Delivery is âbest effort;â the data may never get there.
+ ⢠Delivery is "best effort;" the data may never get there.
⢠Each message is self-contained, including the source and
destination addresses.
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ File: gawkinet.info, Node: The TCP/IP Protocols, Next:
Making Connections, Pr
The Internet Protocol Suite (usually referred to as just TCP/IP)(1)
consists of a number of different protocols at different levels or
-âlayers.â For our purposes, three protocols provide the fundamental
+"layers." For our purposes, three protocols provide the fundamental
communications mechanisms. All other defined protocols are referred to
as user-level protocols (e.g., HTTP, used later in this Info file).
@@ -269,8 +269,8 @@ File: gawkinet.info, Node: Basic Protocols, Next: Ports,
Prev: The TCP/IP Pro
IP
The Internet Protocol. This protocol is almost never used directly
by applications. It provides the basic packet delivery and routing
- infrastructure of the Internet. Much like the phone companyâs
- switching centers or the Post Officeâs trucks, it is not of much
+ infrastructure of the Internet. Much like the phone company's
+ switching centers or the Post Office's trucks, it is not of much
day-to-day interest to the regular user (or programmer). It
happens to be a best effort datagram protocol. In the early
twenty-first century, there are two versions of this protocol in
@@ -281,11 +281,11 @@ IP
addresses, on which most of the current Internet is based.
IPv6
- The ânext generationâ of the Internet Protocol, with 128-bit
+ The "next generation" of the Internet Protocol, with 128-bit
addresses. This protocol is in wide use in certain parts of
the world, but has not yet replaced IPv4.(1)
- Versions of the other protocols that sit âatopâ IP exist for both
+ Versions of the other protocols that sit "atop" IP exist for both
IPv4 and IPv6. However, as the IPv6 versions are fundamentally the
same as the original IPv4 versions, we will not distinguish further
between them.
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ Protocol).
---------- Footnotes ----------
- (1) There isnât an IPv5.
+ (1) There isn't an IPv5.
File: gawkinet.info, Node: Ports, Prev: Basic Protocols, Up: The TCP/IP
Protocols
@@ -323,9 +323,9 @@ than one person at the location; thus you have to further
quantify the
recipient by putting a person or company name on the envelope.
In the phone system, one phone number may represent an entire
-company, in which case you need a personâs extension number in order to
+company, in which case you need a person's extension number in order to
reach that individual directly. Or, when you call a home, you have to
-say, âMay I please speak to ...â before talking to the person directly.
+say, "May I please speak to ..." before talking to the person directly.
IP networking provides the concept of addressing. An IP address
represents a particular computer, but no more. In order to reach the
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ represent the services, much like an extension number used
with a phone
number.
Port numbers are 16-bit integers. Unix and Unix-like systems reserve
-ports below 1024 for âwell knownâ services, such as SMTP, FTP, and HTTP.
+ports below 1024 for "well known" services, such as SMTP, FTP, and HTTP.
Numbers 1024 and above may be used by any application, although there is
no promise made that a particular port number is always available.
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ File: gawkinet.info, Node: Making Connections, Prev: The
TCP/IP Protocols, Up
====================================================
Two terms come up repeatedly when discussing networking: âclientâ and
-âserverâ. For now, weâll discuss these terms at the âconnection
levelâ,
+âserverâ. For now, we'll discuss these terms at the âconnection
levelâ,
when first establishing connections between two processes on different
systems over a network. (Once the connection is established, the higher
level, or âapplication levelâ protocols, such as HTTP or FTP, determine
@@ -379,13 +379,13 @@ in order to enjoy the benefits of a simple communication
paradigm in
âsynchronousâ.(2) I.e., each end waits on the other to finish
transmitting, before replying. This is much like two people in a phone
conversation. While both could talk simultaneously, doing so usually
-doesnât work too well.
+doesn't work too well.
In the case of TCP, the synchronicity is enforced by the protocol
when sending data. Data writes âblockâ until the data have been
received on the other end. For both TCP and UDP, data reads block until
there is incoming data waiting to be read. This is summarized in the
-following table, where an âxâ indicates that the given action blocks.
+following table, where an "x" indicates that the given action blocks.
TCP x x
UDP x
@@ -394,9 +394,9 @@ UDP x
(1) In the days before voice mail systems!
- (2) For the technically savvy, data reads blockâif thereâs no
+ (2) For the technically savvy, data reads block--if there's no
incoming data, the program is made to wait until there is, instead of
-receiving a âthereâs no dataâ error return.
+receiving a "there's no data" error return.
File: gawkinet.info, Node: Using Networking, Next: Some Applications and
Techniques, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top
@@ -406,10 +406,10 @@ File: gawkinet.info, Node: Using Networking, Next: Some
Applications and Techn
The âawkâ programming language was originally developed as a
pattern-matching language for writing short programs to perform data
-manipulation tasks. âawkââs strength is the manipulation of textual
+manipulation tasks. âawkâ's strength is the manipulation of textual
data that is stored in files. It was never meant to be used for
networking purposes. To exploit its features in a networking context,
-itâs necessary to use an access mode for network connections that
+it's necessary to use an access mode for network connections that
resembles the access of files as closely as possible.
âawkâ is also meant to be a prototyping language. It is used to
@@ -448,18 +448,18 @@ protocol is much less important for most users.
File: gawkinet.info, Node: Gawk Special Files, Next: TCP Connecting, Prev:
Using Networking, Up: Using Networking
-2.1 âgawkââs Networking Mechanisms
+2.1 âgawkâ's Networking Mechanisms
==================================
The â|&â operator for use in communicating with a âcoprocessâ is
described in *note Two-way Communications With Another Process:
(gawk)Two-way I/O. It shows how to do two-way I/O to a separate process,
sending it data with âprintâ or âprintfâ and reading data with
-âgetlineâ. If you havenât read it already, you should detour there to
+âgetlineâ. If you haven't read it already, you should detour there to
do so.
âgawkâ transparently extends the two-way I/O mechanism to simple
-networking through the use of special file names. When a âcoprocessâ
+networking through the use of special file names. When a "coprocess"
that matches the special files we are about to describe is started,
âgawkâ creates the appropriate network connection, and then two-way I/O
proceeds as usual.
@@ -495,14 +495,14 @@ File: gawkinet.info, Node: Special File Fields, Next:
Comparing Protocols, Pr
This node explains the meaning of all of the fields, as well as the
range of values and the defaults. All of the fields are mandatory. To
-let the system pick a value, or if the field doesnât apply to the
+let the system pick a value, or if the field doesn't apply to the
protocol, specify it as â0â (zero):
NET-TYPE
This is one of âinet4â for IPv4, âinet6â for IPv6, or âinetâ
to use
the system default (which is likely to be IPv4). For the rest of
this document, we will use the generic â/inetâ in our descriptions
- of how âgawkââs networking works.
+ of how âgawkâ's networking works.
PROTOCOL
Determines which member of the TCP/IP family of protocols is
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ PROTOCOL
LOCALPORT
Determines which port on the local machine is used to communicate
across the network. Application-level clients usually use â0â to
- indicate they do not care which local port is usedâinstead they
+ indicate they do not care which local port is used--instead they
specify a remote port to connect to.
It is vital for application-level servers to use a number different
@@ -570,7 +570,6 @@ meaning. If this table is too complicated, focus on the
three lines
printed in *bold*. All the examples in *note Networking With âgawkâ:
Using Networking, use only the patterns printed in bold letters.
-
PROTOCOL LOCAL HOST NAME REMOTE RESULTING CONNECTION-LEVEL
PORT PORT BEHAVIOR
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -672,10 +671,10 @@ started first:
}
In the case of UDP, the initial âprintâ command is the one that
-actually sends data so that there is a connection. UDP and âconnectionâ
+actually sends data so that there is a connection. UDP and "connection"
sounds strange to anyone who has learned that UDP is a connectionless
-protocol. Here, âconnectionâ means that the âconnect()â system call
has
-completed its work and completed the âassociationâ between a certain
+protocol. Here, "connection" means that the âconnect()â system call has
+completed its work and completed the "association" between a certain
socket and an IP address. Thus there are subtle differences between
âconnect()â for TCP and UDP; see the man page for details.(1)
@@ -699,7 +698,7 @@ File: gawkinet.info, Node: TCP Connecting, Next:
Troubleshooting, Prev: Gawk
2.2 Establishing a TCP Connection
=================================
-Letâs observe a network connection at work. Type in the following
+Let's observe a network connection at work. Type in the following
program and watch the output. Within a second, it connects via TCP
(â/inet/tcpâ) to a remote server and asks the service âdaytimeâ on the
machine what time it is:
@@ -832,7 +831,7 @@ support TCP as well as UDP.
(1) Microsoft preferred to ignore the TCP/IP family of protocols
until 1995. Then came the rise of the Netscape browser as a landmark
-âkiller application.â Microsoft added TCP/IP support and their own
+"killer application." Microsoft added TCP/IP support and their own
browser to Microsoft Windows 95 at the last minute. They even
back-ported their TCP/IP implementation to Microsoft Windows for
Workgroups 3.11, but it was a rather rudimentary and half-hearted
@@ -972,7 +971,7 @@ machine can only be used by one server program at a time.
Now terminate
the server program and change the name â8888â to âechoâ. After
restarting it, the server program does not run any more, and you know
why: there is already an âechoâ service running on your machine. But
-even if this isnât true, you would not get your own âechoâ server
+even if this isn't true, you would not get your own âechoâ server
running on a Unix machine, because the ports with numbers smaller than
1024 (âechoâ is at port 7) are reserved for ârootâ. On machines
running
some flavor of Microsoft Windows, there is no restriction that reserves
@@ -982,7 +981,7 @@ restriction of the Unix world seems to have never been
adopted âDoes
windows(10/server-2016) have privileged ports?â
(https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/windowsserver/en-US/334f0770-eda9-475a-a27f-46b80ab7e872/does-windows10server2016-have-privileged-ports-?forum=ws2016).
In Microsoft Windows it is the level of the firewall that handles port
-access restrictions, not the level of the operating systemâs kernel.
+access restrictions, not the level of the operating system's kernel.
Turning this short server program into something really useful is
simple. Imagine a server that first reads a file name from the client
@@ -1119,7 +1118,7 @@ calls âwww.yahoo.comâ):
Again, lines are separated by a redefined âRSâ and âORSâ. The
âGETâ
request that we send to the server is the only kind of HTTP request that
existed when the web was created in the early 1990s. HTTP calls this
-âGETâ request a âmethod,â which tells the service to transmit a web
page
+âGETâ request a "method," which tells the service to transmit a web page
(here the home page of the Yahoo! search engine). Version 1.0 added
the request methods âHEADâ and âPOSTâ. The current version of HTTP is
1.1,(1)(2) and knows the additional request methods âOPTIONSâ, âPUTâ,
@@ -1154,11 +1153,11 @@ obsolete by RFC 2616, an update without any substantial
changes.
(2) Version 2.0 of HTTP (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2) was
defined in RFC7540 (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7540) and was derived
-from Googleâs SPDY (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPDY) protocol. It is
+from Google's SPDY (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPDY) protocol. It is
said to be widely supported. As of 2020 the most popular web sites
still identify themselves as supporting HTTP/1.1. Version 3.0 of HTTP
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/3) is still a draft and was derived
-from Googleâs QUIC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC) protocol.
+from Google's QUIC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC) protocol.
File: gawkinet.info, Node: Primitive Service, Next: Interacting Service,
Prev: Web page, Up: Using Networking
@@ -1215,7 +1214,7 @@ The steps are as follows:
point to <http://localhost:8080> (the browser needs to know on which
port our server is listening for requests). If this does not work, the
browser probably tries to connect to a proxy server that does not know
-your machine. If so, change the browserâs configuration so that the
+your machine. If so, change the browser's configuration so that the
browser does not try to use a proxy to connect to your machine.
@@ -1239,7 +1238,7 @@ will become the core of event-driven execution controlled
by a graphical
user interface (GUI). Each HTTP event that the user triggers by some
action within the browser is received in this central procedure.
Parameters and menu choices are extracted from this request, and an
-appropriate measure is taken according to the userâs choice:
+appropriate measure is taken according to the user's choice:
BEGIN {
if (MyHost == "") {
@@ -1384,10 +1383,10 @@ inevitable. Header parameters should then be stored in
a global array
as well as the body.
On each subsequent run through the main loop, one request from a
-browser is received, evaluated, and answered according to the userâs
+browser is received, evaluated, and answered according to the user's
choice. This can be done by letting the value of the HTTP method guide
the main loop into execution of the procedure âHandleGET()â, which
-evaluates the userâs choice. In this case, we have only one
+evaluates the user's choice. In this case, we have only one
hierarchical level of menus, but in the general case, menus are nested.
The menu choices at each level are separated by â/â, just as in file
names. Notice how simple it is to construct menus of arbitrary depth:
@@ -1426,14 +1425,14 @@ File: gawkinet.info, Node: CGI Lib, Prev: Interacting
Service, Up: Interactin
--------------------------
HTTP is like being married: you have to be able to handle whatever
- youâre given, while being very careful what you send back.
- â _Phil Smith III,
+ you're given, while being very careful what you send back.
+ -- _Phil Smith III,
<http://www.netfunny.com/rhf/jokes/99/Mar/http.html>_
In *note A Web Service with Interaction: Interacting Service, we saw
-the function âCGI_setup()â as part of the web server âcore logicâ
+the function âCGI_setup()â as part of the web server "core logic"
framework. The code presented there handles almost everything necessary
-for CGI requests. One thing it doesnât do is handle encoded characters
+for CGI requests. One thing it doesn't do is handle encoded characters
in the requests. For example, an â&â is encoded as a percent sign
followed by the hexadecimal value: â%26â. These encoded values should
be decoded. Following is a simple library to perform these tasks. This
@@ -1534,7 +1533,7 @@ is the code:
This isolates details in a single function, âCGI_setup()â. Decoding
of encoded characters is pushed off to a helper function,
â_CGI_decode()â. The use of the leading underscore (â_â) in the
-function name is intended to indicate that it is an âinternalâ function,
+function name is intended to indicate that it is an "internal" function,
although there is nothing to enforce this:
function _CGI_decode(str, hexdigs, i, pre, code1, code2,
@@ -1568,7 +1567,7 @@ although there is nothing to enforce this:
This works by splitting the string apart around an encoded character.
The two digits are converted to lowercase characters and looked up in a
string of hex digits. Note that â0â is not in the string on purpose;
-âindex()â returns zero when itâs not found, automatically giving the
+âindex()â returns zero when it's not found, automatically giving the
correct value! Once the hexadecimal value is converted from characters
in a string into a numerical value, âsprintf()â converts the value back
into a real character. The following is a simple test harness for the
@@ -1699,7 +1698,7 @@ Initially the user does not say anything; then ELIZA
resets its money
counter and asks the user to tell what comes to mind open-heartedly.
The subsequent answers are converted to uppercase characters and stored
for later comparison. ELIZA presents the bill when being confronted
-with a sentence that contains the phrase âshut up.â Otherwise, it looks
+with a sentence that contains the phrase "shut up." Otherwise, it looks
for keywords in the sentence, conjugates the rest of the sentence,
remembers the keyword for later use, and finally selects an answer from
the set of possible answers:
@@ -1786,7 +1785,7 @@ ELIZA just picks an index randomly:
}
Some interesting remarks and details (including the original source
-code of ELIZA) are found on Mark Humphrysâs home page âHow my program
+code of ELIZA) are found on Mark Humphrys's home page âHow my program
passed the Turing Testâ (https://computing.dcu.ie/~humphrys/eliza.html).
Wikipedia provides much background information about ELIZA
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA), including the original design of
@@ -1816,10 +1815,10 @@ application works or not sometimes depends on the
following:
⢠The state of the party at the other end
The most difficult problems for a beginner arise from the hidden
-states of the underlying network. After closing a TCP connection, itâs
+states of the underlying network. After closing a TCP connection, it's
often necessary to wait a short while before reopening the connection.
Even more difficult is the establishment of a connection that previously
-ended with a âbroken pipe.â Those connections have to âtime outâ for a
+ended with a "broken pipe." Those connections have to "time out" for a
minute or so before they can reopen. Check this with the command
ânetstat -aâ, which provides a list of still-active connections.
@@ -1835,7 +1834,7 @@ Loebner Prize is the first formal instantiation of a
Turing Test. Hugh
Loebner agreed with The Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies to
underwrite a contest designed to implement the Turing Test. Dr. Loebner
pledged a Grand Prize of $100,000 for the first computer whose responses
-were indistinguishable from a humanâs. Each year an annual prize of
+were indistinguishable from a human's. Each year an annual prize of
$2000 and a bronze medal is awarded to the _most_ human computer. The
winner of the annual contest is the best entry relative to other entries
that year, irrespective of how good it is in an absolute sense. Here is
@@ -1900,7 +1899,7 @@ is up to you to accomplish this?
The GAWK manual can be consumed in a single lab session and
the language can be mastered by the next morning by the
- average student. GAWKâs automatic initialization, implicit
+ average student. GAWK's automatic initialization, implicit
coercion, I/O support and lack of pointers forgive many of the
mistakes that young programmers are likely to make. Those who
have seen C but not mastered it are happy to see that GAWK
@@ -1910,14 +1909,14 @@ is up to you to accomplish this?
There are further simple answers. Probably the best is the
fact that increasingly, undergraduate AI programming is
involving the Web. Oren Etzioni (University of Washington,
- Seattle) has for a while been arguing that the âsoftbotâ is
- replacing the mechanical engineersâ robot as the most
+ Seattle) has for a while been arguing that the "softbot" is
+ replacing the mechanical engineers' robot as the most
glamorous AI testbed. If the artifact whose behavior needs to
be controlled in an intelligent way is the software agent,
then a language that is well-suited to controlling the
software environment is the appropriate language. That would
imply a scripting language. If the robot is KAREL, then the
- right language is âturn left; turn right.â If the robot is
+ right language is "turn left; turn right." If the robot is
Netscape, then the right language is something that can
generate ânetscape -remote
'openURL(http://cs.wustl.edu/~loui)'â with elan.
@@ -1934,8 +1933,8 @@ is up to you to accomplish this?
strings. A language that provides the best support for string
processing in the end provides the best support for logic, for
the exploration of various logics, and for most forms of
- symbolic processing that AI might choose to call âreasoningâ
- instead of âlogic.â The implication is that PROLOG, which
+ symbolic processing that AI might choose to call "reasoning"
+ instead of "logic." The implication is that PROLOG, which
saves the AI programmer from having to write a unifier, saves
perhaps two dozen lines of GAWK code at the expense of
strongly biasing the logic and representational expressiveness
@@ -1956,7 +1955,7 @@ is up to you to accomplish this?
real translation program.
⢠Another dialogue-oriented application (on the verge of ridicule) is
- the email âsupport service.â Troubled customers write an email to
+ the email "support service." Troubled customers write an email to
an automatic âgawkâ service that reads the email. It looks for
keywords in the mail and assembles a reply email accordingly. By
carefully investigating the email header, and repeating these
@@ -1998,7 +1997,7 @@ languages that allow us to quickly solve problems with
short programs.
But Tcl has Tk on top of it, and âgawkâ had nothing comparable up to
now. While Tcl needs a large and ever-changing library (Tk, which was
originally bound to the X Window System), âgawkâ needs just the
-networking interface and some kind of browser on the clientâs side.
+networking interface and some kind of browser on the client's side.
Besides better portability, the most important advantage of this
approach (embracing well-established standards such HTTP and HTML) is
that _we do not need to change the language_. We let others do the work
@@ -2030,7 +2029,7 @@ we can turn it into something useful.
The PANIC program tells everyone who connects that the local site is
not working. When a web server breaks down, it makes a difference if
-customers get a strange ânetwork unreachableâ message, or a short
+customers get a strange "network unreachable" message, or a short
message telling them that the server has a problem. In such an
emergency, the hard disk and everything on it (including the regular web
service) may be unavailable. Rebooting the web server off a USB drive
@@ -2114,7 +2113,7 @@ the page content, but does receive the header:
This program can be changed as needed, but be careful with the last
lines. Make sure transmission of binary data is not corrupted by
additional line breaks. Even as it is now, the byte sequence
-â"\r\n\r\n"â would disappear if it were contained in binary data. Donât
+â"\r\n\r\n"â would disappear if it were contained in binary data. Don't
get caught in a trap when trying a quick fix on this one.
@@ -2252,7 +2251,7 @@ variables âProxyâ and âProxyPortâ as GETURL,
because these variables are
handed over to GETURL for each URL that gets checked. The one and only
parameter is the name of a file that contains one line for each URL. In
the first column, we find the URL, and the second and third columns hold
-the length of the URLâs body when checked for the two last times. Now,
+the length of the URL's body when checked for the two last times. Now,
we follow this plan:
1. Read the URLs from the file and remember their most recent lengths
@@ -2304,7 +2303,7 @@ be passed on. If so, we prepare strings that will become
part of the
command line later. In âGetHeaderâ, we store these strings together
with the longest part of the command line. Later, in the loop over the
URLs, âGetHeaderâ is appended with the URL and a redirection operator to
-form the command that reads the URLâs header over the Internet. GETURL
+form the command that reads the URL's header over the Internet. GETURL
always sends the headers to â/dev/stderrâ. That is the reason why we
need the redirection operator to have the header piped in.
@@ -2341,7 +2340,7 @@ expression. However, it is straightforward to add them,
if doing so is
necessary for other tasks.
This program reads an HTML file and prints all the HTTP links that it
-finds. It relies on âgawkââs ability to use regular expressions as the
+finds. It relies on âgawkâ's ability to use regular expressions as the
record separator. With âRSâ set to a regular expression that matches
links, the second action is executed each time a non-empty link is
found. We can find the matching link itself in âRTâ.
@@ -2371,7 +2370,7 @@ Microsoft and Netscape in the web server market.
firewall. After attaching a browser to port 80, we usually catch a
glimpse of the bright side of the server (its home page). With a tool
like GETURL at hand, we are able to discover some of the more concealed
-or even âindecentâ services (i.e., lacking conformity to standards of
+or even "indecent" services (i.e., lacking conformity to standards of
quality). It can be exciting to see the fancy CGI scripts that lie
there, revealing the inner workings of the server, ready to be called:
@@ -2396,8 +2395,8 @@ there, revealing the inner workings of the server, ready
to be called:
gawk -f geturl.awk http://any.host.on.the.net/cgi-bin/printenv
⢠Sometimes it is even possible to retrieve system files like the web
- serverâs log fileâpossibly containing customer dataâor even the
- file â/etc/passwdâ. (We donât recommend this!)
+ server's log file--possibly containing customer data--or even the
+ file â/etc/passwdâ. (We don't recommend this!)
*Caution:* Although this may sound funny or simply irrelevant, we are
talking about severe security holes. Try to explore your own system
@@ -2435,7 +2434,7 @@ File: gawkinet.info, Node: STATIST, Next: MAZE, Prev:
WEBGRAB, Up: Some Appl
-10 5 0 5 10" ]
-In the HTTP server examples weâve shown thus far, we never present an
+In the HTTP server examples we've shown thus far, we never present an
image to the browser and its user. Presenting images is one task.
Generating images that reflect some user input and presenting these
dynamically generated images is another. In this node, we use GNUPlot
@@ -2596,7 +2595,7 @@ tries to build up a connection for the image request
while the request
for the HTML text is not yet completed. The browser tries to connect to
the âgawkâ server on port 8080 while port 8080 is still in use for
transmission of the HTML text. The connection for the image cannot be
-built up, so the image appears as âbrokenâ in the browser window. We
+built up, so the image appears as "broken" in the browser window. We
solved this problem by telling the browser to open a separate window for
the image, but only after a delay of 1000 milliseconds. By this time,
the server should be ready for serving the next request.
@@ -2670,7 +2669,7 @@ File: gawkinet.info, Node: MAZE, Next: MOBAGWHO, Prev:
STATIST, Up: Some App
===================================================
In the long run, every program becomes rococo, and then rubble.
- â _Alan Perlis_
+ -- _Alan Perlis_
By now, we know how to present arbitrary âContent-typeâs to a
browser. In this node, our server presents a 3D world to our browser.
@@ -2681,7 +2680,7 @@ plugin enable exploration of this technology. We could
do one of those
boring âHello worldâ examples here, that are usually presented when
introducing novices to VRML. If you have never written any VRML code,
have a look at the VRML FAQ. Presenting a static VRML scene is a bit
-trivial; in order to expose âgawkââs capabilities, we will present a
+trivial; in order to expose âgawkâ's capabilities, we will present a
dynamically generated VRML scene. The function âSetUpServer()â is very
simple because it only sets the default HTML page and initializes the
random number generator. As usual, the surrounding server lets you
@@ -2805,7 +2804,7 @@ File: gawkinet.info, Node: MOBAGWHO, Next: STOXPRED,
Prev: MAZE, Up: Some Ap
make it so simple that there are obviously no deficiencies, and the
other way is to make it so complicated that there are no obvious
deficiencies.
- â _C.A.R. Hoare_
+ -- _C.A.R. Hoare_
A âmobile agentâ is a program that can be dispatched from a computer
and transported to a remote server for execution. This is called
@@ -2832,7 +2831,7 @@ process is implemented depends upon the kind of server
process:
âPOSTâ method to transfer some data to a file on the web server.
When a CGI script is called remotely with the âPOSTâ method instead
of the usual âGETâ method, data is transmitted from the client
- process to the standard input of the serverâs CGI script. So, to
+ process to the standard input of the server's CGI script. So, to
implement a mobile agent, we must not only write the agent program
to start on the client side, but also the CGI script to receive the
agent on the server side.
@@ -2864,7 +2863,7 @@ placed into a location like
â/httpd/cgi-bin/PostAgent.shâ.
By making its process id (â$$â) part of the unique file name, the
script avoids conflicts between concurrent instances of the script.
-First, all lines from standard input (the mobile agentâs source code)
+First, all lines from standard input (the mobile agent's source code)
are copied into this unique file. Then, the agent is started as a
concurrent process and a short message reporting this fact is sent to
the submitting client. Finally, the script file of the mobile agent is
@@ -2881,14 +2880,14 @@ Self-Reference
Each migrating instance of an agent is started in a way that
enables it to read its own source code from standard input and use
the code for subsequent migrations. This is necessary because it
- needs to treat the agentâs code as data to transmit. âgawkâ is not
+ needs to treat the agent's code as data to transmit. âgawkâ is not
the ideal language for such a job. Lisp and Tcl are more suitable
because they do not make a distinction between program code and
data.
Independence
After migration, the agent is not linked to its former home in any
- way. By reporting âAgent startedâ, it waves âGoodbyeâ to its
+ way. By reporting âAgent startedâ, it waves "Goodbye" to its
origin. The originator may choose to terminate or not.
The originating agent itself is started just like any other
@@ -2966,7 +2965,7 @@ mobile agent:
The âmigrate()â function prepares the aforementioned strings
containing the program code and transmits them to a server. A
consequence of this modular approach is that the âmigrate()â function
-takes some parameters that arenât needed in this application, but that
+takes some parameters that aren't needed in this application, but that
will be in future ones. Its mandatory parameter âDestinationâ holds the
name (or IP address) of the server that the agent wants as a host for
its code. The optional parameter âMobCodeâ may contain some âgawkâ
code
@@ -2989,7 +2988,7 @@ variables. The following conventions apply:
takes part in migration has to be an element of this array.
âmigrate()â also takes care of this.
- Now itâs clear what happens to the âLabelâ parameter of the function
+ Now it's clear what happens to the âLabelâ parameter of the function
âmigrate()â. It is copied into âMOBVAR["Label"]â and travels alongside
the other data. Since traveling takes place via HTTP, records must be
separated with â"\r\n"â in âRSâ and âORSâ as usual. The code
assembly
@@ -3020,7 +3019,7 @@ it starts âMyJob()â:
MyJob() # so we do our job
}
- All thatâs left to extend the framework into a complete application
+ All that's left to extend the framework into a complete application
is to write two application-specific functions: âMyInit()â and
âMyJob()â. Keep in mind that the former is executed once on the
originating host, while the latter is executed after each migration:
@@ -3062,11 +3061,11 @@ function runs on the remote host:
After migrating, the first thing to do in âMyJob()â is to delete the
name of the current host from the list of hosts to visit. Now, it is
-time to start the real work by appending the hostâs name to the result
+time to start the real work by appending the host's name to the result
string, and reading line by line who is logged in on this host. A very
annoying circumstance is the fact that the elements of âMOBVARâ cannot
hold the newline character (â"\n"â). If they did, migration of this
-string would not work because the string wouldnât obey the syntax rule
+string would not work because the string wouldn't obey the syntax rule
for a string in âgawkâ. âSUBSEPâ is used as a temporary replacement.
If the list of hosts to visit holds at least one more entry, the
@@ -3094,13 +3093,13 @@ File: gawkinet.info, Node: STOXPRED, Next: PROTBASE,
Prev: MOBAGWHO, Up: Som
ape-descendent life forms are so amazingly primitive that they
still think digital watches are a pretty neat idea.
- This planet has â or rather had â a problem, which was this: most
+ This planet has -- or rather had -- a problem, which was this: most
of the people living on it were unhappy for pretty much of the
time. Many solutions were suggested for this problem, but most of
these were largely concerned with the movements of small green
- pieces of paper, which is odd because it wasnât the small green
+ pieces of paper, which is odd because it wasn't the small green
pieces of paper that were unhappy.
- â _Douglas Adams, âThe Hitch Hikerâs Guide to the Galaxyâ_
+ -- _Douglas Adams, âThe Hitch Hiker's Guide to the Galaxyâ_
Valuable services on the Internet are usually _not_ implemented as
mobile agents. There are much simpler ways of implementing services.
@@ -3159,7 +3158,7 @@ anybody.
...
The script as a whole is rather long. In order to ease the pain of
-studying other peopleâs source code, we have broken the script up into
+studying other people's source code, we have broken the script up into
meaningful parts which are invoked one after the other. The basic
structure of the script is as follows:
@@ -3231,11 +3230,11 @@ ending date are chosen to be exactly the same, but one
year apart in the
past. All the action is initiated within the âprintfâ command which
transmits the request for data to the Yahoo server.
- In the inner loop, the serverâs data is first read and then scanned
+ In the inner loop, the server's data is first read and then scanned
line by line. Only lines which have six columns and the name of a month
in the first column contain relevant data. This data is stored in the
two-dimensional array âquoteâ; one dimension being time, the other being
-the ticker symbol. During retrieval of the first stockâs data, the
+the ticker symbol. During retrieval of the first stock's data, the
calendar names of the time instances are stored in the array âdayâ
because we need them later.
@@ -3406,15 +3405,15 @@ File: gawkinet.info, Node: PROTBASE, Prev: STOXPRED,
Up: Some Applications an
Inside every large problem is a small problem struggling to get
out.(1)
- â _With apologies to C.A.R. Hoare_
+ -- _With apologies to C.A.R. Hoare_
- Yahooâs database of stock market data is just one among the many
+ Yahoo's database of stock market data is just one among the many
large databases on the Internet. Another one is located at NCBI
(National Center for Biotechnology Information). Established in 1988 as
a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates
public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops
software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical
-information. In this section, we look at one of NCBIâs public services,
+information. In this section, we look at one of NCBI's public services,
which is called BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool).
You probably know that the information necessary for reproducing
@@ -3458,7 +3457,7 @@ services:
The query sequence is compared against the specified database using
the BLAST algorithm and the results are returned in an email
message. For more information on formulating email BLAST searches,
- you can send a message consisting of the word âHELPâ to the same
+ you can send a message consisting of the word "HELP" to the same
address, <blast@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>.
Our starting point is the demonstration client mentioned in the first
@@ -3512,7 +3511,7 @@ contains the mandatory âBEGINâ directive, followed by
the query sequence
in FASTA/Pearson format. Each line of information must be less than 80
characters in length.
- The âmonthâ database contains all new or revised sequences released
+ The "month" database contains all new or revised sequences released
in the last 30 days and is useful for searching against new sequences.
There are five different blast programs, âblastnâ being the one that
compares a nucleotide query sequence against a nucleotide sequence
@@ -3531,7 +3530,7 @@ description is arbitrary.
following 10 lines of code into a file named âprotbase.awkâ and use this
client instead. Invoke it with âgawk -f protbase.awk protbase.requestâ.
Then wait a minute and watch the result coming in. In order to
-replicate the demonstration clientâs behavior as closely as possible,
+replicate the demonstration client's behavior as closely as possible,
this client does not use a proxy server. We could also have extended
the client program in *note Retrieving Web Pages: GETURL, to implement
the client request from âprotbase.awkâ as a special case.
@@ -3560,7 +3559,7 @@ prints the complete result coming from the server.
you can ignore. Then there are some comments about the query having
been filtered to avoid spuriously high scores. After this, there is a
reference to the paper that describes the software being used for
-searching the data base. After a repetition of the original queryâs
+searching the data base. After a repetition of the original query's
description we find the list of significant alignments:
Sequences producing significant alignments: (bits)
Value
@@ -3631,7 +3630,7 @@ and you might appreciate the following hints.
Michael S. Waterman, which is worth reading if you are seriously
interested. You can find a good book review on the Internet.
- 2. While Watermanâs book explains the algorithms employed internally
+ 2. While Waterman's book explains the algorithms employed internally
in the database search engines, most practitioners prefer to
approach the subject differently. The applied side of
Computational Biology is called Bioinformatics, and emphasizes the
@@ -3648,8 +3647,8 @@ and you might appreciate the following hints.
---------- Footnotes ----------
- (1) What C.A.R. Hoare actually said was âInside every large program
-is a small program struggling to get out.â
+ (1) What C.A.R. Hoare actually said was "Inside every large program
+is a small program struggling to get out."
File: gawkinet.info, Node: Links, Next: GNU Free Documentation License,
Prev: Some Applications and Techniques, Up: Top
@@ -3669,7 +3668,7 @@ file. They are presented in the order in which they
appear.
âWeb Client Programming with Perlâ
<http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/webclient>
-Richard Stevensâs home page and book
+Richard Stevens's home page and book
<http://www.kohala.com/start>
Volume III of âInternetworking with TCP/IPâ, by Comer and Stevens
@@ -3681,7 +3680,7 @@ XBM Graphics File Format
GNUPlot
<http://www.gnuplot.info>
-Mark Humphrysâ Eliza page
+Mark Humphrys' Eliza page
<https://computing.dcu.ie/~humphrys/eliza.html>
Eliza on Wikipedia
@@ -3784,7 +3783,7 @@ GNU Free Documentation License
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
- This License is a kind of âcopyleftâ, which means that derivative
+ This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
@@ -3805,18 +3804,18 @@ GNU Free Documentation License
be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
- âDocumentâ, below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
- of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as âyouâ. You accept
+ "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
+ of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept
the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
requiring permission under copyright law.
- A âModified Versionâ of the Document means any work containing the
+ A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
- A âSecondary Sectionâ is a named appendix or a front-matter section
+ A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
- publishers or authors of the Document to the Documentâs overall
+ publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
@@ -3825,7 +3824,7 @@ GNU Free Documentation License
of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding them.
- The âInvariant Sectionsâ are certain Secondary Sections whose
+ The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
@@ -3833,13 +3832,13 @@ GNU Free Documentation License
contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify
any Invariant Sections then there are none.
- The âCover Textsâ are certain short passages of text that are
+ The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. A
Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
be at most 25 words.
- A âTransparentâ copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
+ A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
@@ -3851,7 +3850,7 @@ GNU Free Documentation License
been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if
used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not
- âTransparentâ is called âOpaqueâ.
+ "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
@@ -3864,23 +3863,23 @@ GNU Free Documentation License
the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
processors for output purposes only.
- The âTitle Pageâ means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
+ The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
- works in formats which do not have any title page as such, âTitle
- Pageâ means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
- workâs title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
+ works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
+ Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
+ work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
- The âpublisherâ means any person or entity that distributes copies
+ The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies
of the Document to the public.
- A section âEntitled XYZâ means a named subunit of the Document
+ A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
- âAcknowledgementsâ, âDedicationsâ, âEndorsementsâ, or
âHistoryâ.)
- To âPreserve the Titleâ of such a section when you modify the
- Document means that it remains a section âEntitled XYZâ according
+ "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
+ To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
+ Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
@@ -3910,7 +3909,7 @@ GNU Free Documentation License
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
- the Documentâs license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
+ the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
@@ -3982,15 +3981,15 @@ GNU Free Documentation License
the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
- Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Documentâs
+ Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
- I. Preserve the section Entitled âHistoryâ, Preserve its Title,
+ I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
- Title Page. If there is no section Entitled âHistoryâ in the
+ Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
@@ -4000,12 +3999,12 @@ GNU Free Documentation License
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
- âHistoryâ section. You may omit a network location for a work
+ "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work
that was published at least four years before the Document
itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
to gives permission.
- K. For any section Entitled âAcknowledgementsâ or âDedicationsâ,
+ K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
@@ -4014,11 +4013,11 @@ GNU Free Documentation License
in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
- M. Delete any section Entitled âEndorsementsâ. Such a section
+ M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
- âEndorsementsâ or to conflict in title with any Invariant
+ "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
@@ -4027,15 +4026,15 @@ GNU Free Documentation License
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
- titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Versionâs
+ titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's
license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other
section titles.
- You may add a section Entitled âEndorsementsâ, provided it contains
+ You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
- partiesâfor example, statements of peer review or that the text has
- been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of
- a standard.
+ parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
+ has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
+ definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
@@ -4073,10 +4072,10 @@ GNU Free Documentation License
combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
- âHistoryâ in the various original documents, forming one section
- Entitled âHistoryâ; likewise combine any sections Entitled
- âAcknowledgementsâ, and any sections Entitled âDedicationsâ. You
- must delete all sections Entitled âEndorsements.â
+ "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
+ Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
+ "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
+ must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
@@ -4097,16 +4096,16 @@ GNU Free Documentation License
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
- storage or distribution medium, is called an âaggregateâ if the
+ storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
- legal rights of the compilationâs users beyond what the individual
+ legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
- of the entire aggregate, the Documentâs Cover Texts may be placed
+ of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
@@ -4128,8 +4127,8 @@ GNU Free Documentation License
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
- If a section in the Document is Entitled âAcknowledgementsâ,
- âDedicationsâ, or âHistoryâ, the requirement (section 4) to
+ If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
+ "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.
@@ -4170,7 +4169,7 @@ GNU Free Documentation License
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
- version of this License âor any later versionâ applies to it, you
+ version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
@@ -4178,29 +4177,29 @@ GNU Free Documentation License
choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can
decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
- proxyâs public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
+ proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
11. RELICENSING
- âMassive Multiauthor Collaboration Siteâ (or âMMC Siteâ) means any
+ "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
- A âMassive Multiauthor Collaborationâ (or âMMCâ) contained in the
+ A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
site.
- âCC-BY-SAâ means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
+ "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
- âIncorporateâ means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
+ "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
in part, as part of another Document.
- An MMC is âeligible for relicensingâ if it is licensed under this
+ An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this
License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
@@ -4227,7 +4226,7 @@ notices just after the title page:
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
-Texts, replace the âwith...Texts.â line with this:
+Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
@@ -4265,10 +4264,10 @@ Index
* BLAST, Basic Local Alignment Search Tool: PROTBASE. (line 6)
* blocking: Making Connections. (line 35)
* Boutell, Thomas: STATIST. (line 6)
+* CGI (Common Gateway Interface): MOBAGWHO. (line 42)
* CGI (Common Gateway Interface), dynamic web pages and: Web page.
(line 45)
* CGI (Common Gateway Interface), library: CGI Lib. (line 11)
-* CGI (Common Gateway Interface): MOBAGWHO. (line 42)
* clients: Making Connections. (line 21)
* Clinton, Bill: Challenges. (line 58)
* Computational Biology: PROTBASE. (line 229)
@@ -4291,14 +4290,14 @@ Index
(line 6)
* FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Basic Protocols. (line 45)
* gawk, networking: Using Networking. (line 6)
-* gawk, networking, filenames: Gawk Special Files. (line 29)
* gawk, networking, connections: Special File Fields. (line 56)
* gawk, networking, connections <1>: TCP Connecting. (line 6)
-* gawk, networking, service, establishing: Setting Up. (line 6)
* gawk, networking, email: Email. (line 6)
-* gawk, web and: Interacting Service. (line 6)
+* gawk, networking, filenames: Gawk Special Files. (line 29)
+* gawk, networking, service, establishing: Setting Up. (line 6)
* gawk, networking, troubleshooting: Caveats. (line 6)
-* getline command: TCP Connecting. (line 11)
+* gawk, web and: Interacting Service. (line 6)
+* getline function: TCP Connecting. (line 11)
* GETURL program: GETURL. (line 6)
* GIF image format: Web page. (line 45)
* GIF image format <1>: STATIST. (line 6)
@@ -4322,9 +4321,9 @@ Index
* Humphrys, Mark: Simple Server. (line 178)
* Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Web page. (line 29)
* image format: STATIST. (line 6)
-* images, retrieving over networks: Web page. (line 45)
* images, in web pages: Interacting Service. (line 190)
-* JavaScript: STATIST. (line 58)
+* images, retrieving over networks: Web page. (line 45)
+* JavaScript: STATIST. (line 81)
* Linux: Troubleshooting. (line 53)
* Linux <1>: Interacting. (line 33)
* Linux <2>: REMCONF. (line 6)
@@ -4333,26 +4332,26 @@ Index
* Loebner, Hugh: Challenges. (line 6)
* Loui, Ronald: Challenges. (line 75)
* MAZE: MAZE. (line 6)
+* Microsoft Windows: WEBGRAB. (line 43)
* Microsoft Windows, networking: Troubleshooting. (line 53)
* Microsoft Windows, networking, ports: Setting Up. (line 39)
-* Microsoft Windows: WEBGRAB. (line 43)
* MiniSQL: REMCONF. (line 109)
* MOBAGWHO program: MOBAGWHO. (line 6)
* NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information: PROTBASE.
(line 6)
* network type field: Special File Fields. (line 11)
* networks, gawk and: Using Networking. (line 6)
-* networks, gawk and, filenames: Gawk Special Files. (line 29)
-* networks, ports, specifying: Special File Fields. (line 24)
* networks, gawk and, connections: Special File Fields. (line 56)
* networks, gawk and, connections <1>: TCP Connecting. (line 6)
-* networks, gawk and, service, establishing: Setting Up. (line 6)
-* networks, ports, reserved: Setting Up. (line 39)
* networks, gawk and, email: Email. (line 6)
+* networks, gawk and, filenames: Gawk Special Files. (line 29)
+* networks, gawk and, service, establishing: Setting Up. (line 6)
* networks, gawk and, troubleshooting: Caveats. (line 6)
-* Numerical Recipes: STATIST. (line 14)
-* ORS variable, POP and: Email. (line 38)
+* networks, ports, reserved: Setting Up. (line 39)
+* networks, ports, specifying: Special File Fields. (line 24)
+* Numerical Recipes: STATIST. (line 37)
* ORS variable, HTTP and: Web page. (line 29)
+* ORS variable, POP and: Email. (line 38)
* PANIC program: PANIC. (line 6)
* Perl: Using Networking. (line 14)
* Perl, gawk networking and: Using Networking. (line 24)
@@ -4363,15 +4362,15 @@ Index
* POP (Post Office Protocol): Email. (line 6)
* POP (Post Office Protocol) <1>: Email. (line 38)
* Post Office Protocol (POP): Email. (line 6)
-* PostScript: STATIST. (line 140)
+* PostScript: STATIST. (line 163)
* PROLOG: Challenges. (line 75)
* PROTBASE: PROTBASE. (line 6)
* protocol field: Special File Fields. (line 17)
* PS image format: STATIST. (line 6)
* Python: Using Networking. (line 14)
* Python, gawk networking and: Using Networking. (line 24)
-* record separators, POP and: Email. (line 38)
* record separators, HTTP and: Web page. (line 29)
+* record separators, POP and: Email. (line 38)
* REMCONF program: REMCONF. (line 6)
* remoteport field: Gawk Special Files. (line 34)
* RFC 1939: Email. (line 6)
@@ -4383,11 +4382,11 @@ Index
* RFC 821: Email. (line 6)
* robot: Challenges. (line 84)
* robot <1>: WEBGRAB. (line 6)
-* RS variable, POP and: Email. (line 38)
* RS variable, HTTP and: Web page. (line 29)
+* RS variable, POP and: Email. (line 38)
* servers: Making Connections. (line 14)
-* servers, as hosts: Special File Fields. (line 35)
* servers <1>: Setting Up. (line 22)
+* servers, as hosts: Special File Fields. (line 35)
* servers, HTTP: Interacting Service. (line 6)
* servers, web: Simple Server. (line 6)
* Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): Basic Protocols. (line 45)
@@ -4406,11 +4405,11 @@ Index
* TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), connection, establishing: TCP
Connecting.
(line 6)
* TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP and: Interacting. (line 56)
-* TCP/IP, sockets and: Gawk Special Files. (line 19)
* TCP/IP, network type, selecting: Special File Fields. (line 11)
* TCP/IP, protocols, selecting: Special File Fields. (line 17)
-* troubleshooting, networks, connections: Troubleshooting. (line 6)
+* TCP/IP, sockets and: Gawk Special Files. (line 19)
* troubleshooting, gawk, networks: Caveats. (line 6)
+* troubleshooting, networks, connections: Troubleshooting. (line 6)
* troubleshooting, networks, timeouts: Caveats. (line 18)
* UDP (User Datagram Protocol): File /inet/udp. (line 6)
* UDP (User Datagram Protocol), TCP and: Interacting. (line 56)
@@ -4433,63 +4432,63 @@ Index
Tag Table:
-Node: Top1144
-Node: Preface4843
-Node: Introduction6264
-Node: Stream Communications7294
-Node: Datagram Communications8478
-Node: The TCP/IP Protocols10126
-Ref: The TCP/IP Protocols-Footnote-110813
-Node: Basic Protocols10970
-Ref: Basic Protocols-Footnote-113035
-Node: Ports13066
-Node: Making Connections14486
-Ref: Making Connections-Footnote-117092
-Ref: Making Connections-Footnote-217139
-Node: Using Networking17329
-Node: Gawk Special Files19692
-Node: Special File Fields21553
-Ref: table-inet-components25546
-Node: Comparing Protocols26862
-Node: File /inet/tcp27396
-Node: File /inet/udp28386
-Ref: File /inet/udp-Footnote-130126
-Node: TCP Connecting30384
-Node: Troubleshooting33917
-Ref: Troubleshooting-Footnote-136709
-Node: Interacting37689
-Node: Setting Up42123
-Node: Email46762
-Ref: Email-Footnote-149208
-Node: Web page50028
-Ref: Web page-Footnote-152904
-Ref: Web page-Footnote-253102
-Node: Primitive Service53600
-Node: Interacting Service56356
-Ref: Interacting Service-Footnote-165613
-Node: CGI Lib65645
-Node: Simple Server72727
-Ref: Simple Server-Footnote-180586
-Node: Caveats80691
-Node: Challenges81853
-Ref: Challenges-Footnote-190656
-Node: Some Applications and Techniques90761
-Node: PANIC93256
-Node: GETURL94994
-Node: REMCONF97649
-Node: URLCHK103183
-Node: WEBGRAB107055
-Node: STATIST111597
-Ref: STATIST-Footnote-1124909
-Node: MAZE125364
-Node: MOBAGWHO131629
-Ref: MOBAGWHO-Footnote-1145798
-Node: STOXPRED145866
-Node: PROTBASE160259
-Ref: PROTBASE-Footnote-1173589
-Node: Links173708
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License176631
-Node: Index201954
+Node: Top1122
+Node: Preface4805
+Node: Introduction6224
+Node: Stream Communications7254
+Node: Datagram Communications8436
+Node: The TCP/IP Protocols10078
+Ref: The TCP/IP Protocols-Footnote-110762
+Node: Basic Protocols10919
+Ref: Basic Protocols-Footnote-112972
+Node: Ports13001
+Node: Making Connections14412
+Ref: Making Connections-Footnote-117010
+Ref: Making Connections-Footnote-217057
+Node: Using Networking17238
+Node: Gawk Special Files19597
+Node: Special File Fields21450
+Ref: table-inet-components25438
+Node: Comparing Protocols26753
+Node: File /inet/tcp27287
+Node: File /inet/udp28277
+Ref: File /inet/udp-Footnote-130005
+Node: TCP Connecting30263
+Node: Troubleshooting33794
+Ref: Troubleshooting-Footnote-136586
+Node: Interacting37563
+Node: Setting Up41997
+Node: Email46632
+Ref: Email-Footnote-149078
+Node: Web page49898
+Ref: Web page-Footnote-152770
+Ref: Web page-Footnote-252968
+Node: Primitive Service53462
+Node: Interacting Service56216
+Ref: Interacting Service-Footnote-165467
+Node: CGI Lib65499
+Node: Simple Server72566
+Ref: Simple Server-Footnote-180420
+Node: Caveats80525
+Node: Challenges81678
+Ref: Challenges-Footnote-190458
+Node: Some Applications and Techniques90563
+Node: PANIC93056
+Node: GETURL94790
+Node: REMCONF97443
+Node: URLCHK102977
+Node: WEBGRAB106845
+Node: STATIST111375
+Ref: STATIST-Footnote-1124681
+Node: MAZE125136
+Node: MOBAGWHO131397
+Ref: MOBAGWHO-Footnote-1145545
+Node: STOXPRED145613
+Node: PROTBASE159993
+Ref: PROTBASE-Footnote-1173304
+Node: Links173419
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License176338
+Node: Index201461
End Tag Table
diff --git a/doc/gawkinet.texi b/doc/gawkinet.texi
index 4c586c10..430519b8 100644
--- a/doc/gawkinet.texi
+++ b/doc/gawkinet.texi
@@ -872,7 +872,7 @@ and watch the output. Within a second, it connects via TCP
(@file{/inet/tcp})
to a remote server and asks the service
@samp{daytime} on the machine what time it is:
-@cindex @code{getline} command
+@cindex @code{getline} function
@example
@c file eg/network/daytimeclient.awk
BEGIN @{
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of changes:
doc/ChangeLog | 5 +
doc/gawk.1 | 2 +-
doc/gawk.info | 1324 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------
doc/gawk.texi | 104 +++--
doc/gawkinet.info | 475 ++++++++++---------
doc/gawkinet.texi | 2 +-
6 files changed, 988 insertions(+), 924 deletions(-)
hooks/post-receive
--
gawk
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Arnold Robbins <=