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[Groff-commit] groff/contrib/RUNOFF ChangeLog Makefile.sub gro...
|
From: |
Werner LEMBERG |
|
Subject: |
[Groff-commit] groff/contrib/RUNOFF ChangeLog Makefile.sub gro... |
|
Date: |
Sun, 11 Aug 2013 08:30:44 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /sources/groff
Module name: groff
Changes by: Werner LEMBERG <wl> 13/08/11 08:30:44
Added files:
contrib/RUNOFF : ChangeLog Makefile.sub groff_filenames.man
runoff.man
Log message:
Revert accidental removal of files in previous commit.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/groff/contrib/RUNOFF/ChangeLog?cvsroot=groff&rev=1.7
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/groff/contrib/RUNOFF/Makefile.sub?cvsroot=groff&rev=1.3
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/groff/contrib/RUNOFF/groff_filenames.man?cvsroot=groff&rev=1.5
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/groff/contrib/RUNOFF/runoff.man?cvsroot=groff&rev=1.5
Patches:
Index: ChangeLog
===================================================================
RCS file: ChangeLog
diff -N ChangeLog
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ ChangeLog 11 Aug 2013 08:30:42 -0000 1.7
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+2013-07-31 Bernd Warken <address@hidden>
+
+ Fix RUNOFF
+
+2013-06-17 Bernd Warken <address@hidden>
+
+ Remove files *~
+
+2013-06-17 Bernd Warken <address@hidden>
+
+ * groff_filenames.man: Corrections.
+
+2013-06-17 Bernd Warken <address@hidden>
+
+ * groff_filenames.man: Extension.
+
+2013-05-14 Bernd Warken <address@hidden>
+
+ * runoff.man: Major rewrite, due to good documentation of 1974,
+ especially for text lines.
+
+2013-05-05 Bernd Warken <address@hidden>
+
+ New `groff' project: `RUNOFF', which is the predecessor of `roff'.
+
+ * ChangeLog: New file for the `contrib' source.
+
+ * Makefile.sub: New `make' file, so far only for 2 man-files.
+
+ * runoff.man: New file which documents the `RUNOFF' language from
+ the 1960s up to the 1980s.
+
+ * groff_filenames.man: New file about the file name extensions
+ since `RUNOFF'.
+
+########################################################################
+
+Copyright 2013
+ Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
+are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
+notice and this notice are preserved.
+
+Local Variables:
+version-control: never
+coding: utf-8
+End:
Index: Makefile.sub
===================================================================
RCS file: Makefile.sub
diff -N Makefile.sub
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ Makefile.sub 11 Aug 2013 08:30:43 -0000 1.3
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# Makefile.sub for `RUNOFF' (integration into the `groff' source tree)
+
+# File position: <groff-source>/contrib/RUNOFF/Makefile.sub
+
+# Copyright (C) 2013
+# Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+#
+# Written by Bernd Warken <address@hidden>.
+
+# Last update: 6 May 2013
+
+# This file is part of `RUNOFF' which is part of `groff'.
+
+# `groff' is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+
+# `groff' is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+# General Public License for more details.
+
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+########################################################################
+
+MAN7=\
+ runoff.n \
+ groff_filenames.n
+
+MOSTLYCLEANADD=$(MAN7)
+
+########################################################################
+# Emacs settings
+########################################################################
+#
+# Local Variables:
+# mode: makefile
+# End:
Index: groff_filenames.man
===================================================================
RCS file: groff_filenames.man
diff -N groff_filenames.man
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ groff_filenames.man 11 Aug 2013 08:30:43 -0000 1.5
@@ -0,0 +1,929 @@
+.TH GROFF_FILENAMES @MAN7EXT@ "@MDATE@" "Groff Version @VERSION@"
+.SH NAME
+groff_filenames \- filename extensions for RUNOFF, roff and groff
+.
+.\" The .SH was moved to this place in order to appease `apropos'.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" Legalese
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.de authors
+This file was written by Bernd Warken
+.MT address@hidden
+.ME .
+..
+.
+.
+.de copying
+Copyright \(co 2013
+.RS
+.ft CI
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.ft R
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+Last update: 5 May 2013
+.
+.
+.P
+This file is part of
+.ft CI
+groff\\fR, a free software project.
+.
+.P
+You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the
+.nh
+.ft CI
+GNU General Public License
+.ft R
+.hy
+as published by the
+.nh
+.ft CI
+Free Software Foundation (FSF)\\fR,
+.hy
+either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+.
+.P
+You should have received a copy of the
+.nh
+.ft CI
+GNU General Public License
+.ft R
+.hy
+along with
+.ft CI
+groff\\fR,
+see the files
+.nh
+.ft CB
+COPYING
+.ft R
+and
+.ft CB
+LICENSE
+.ft R
+.hy
+in the top directory of the
+.ft CI
+groff
+.ft R
+source package.
+.
+.P
+You can also visit
+.UR http://\\:www.gnu.org/\\:licenses
+.UE .
+..
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" Setup
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.ds1 Ellipsis "\&.\|.\|.\&"
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" Macro definitions
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" .FONT (<font name> <text> [<font name> <text> ...])
+.\"
+.\" Print in different fonts: R, I, B, CR, CI, CB
+.\"
+.de1 FONT
+. if (\\n[.$] = 0) \{\
+. nop \&\f[]\&
+. return
+. \}
+. ds result \&
+. while (\\n[.$] >= 2) \{\
+. as result \,\f[\\$1]\\$2\f[]
+. shift 2
+. \}
+. if (\\n[.$] = 1) .as result \,\f[\\$1]
+. nh
+. nop \\*[result]\&
+. hy
+..
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" End of macro definitions
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+Since the evolution of
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+in the 1960s and
+.FONT CI roff
+in the 1970s, a whole bunch of filename extensions for
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+and
+.FONT CI roff
+files were used.
+.
+.
+.P
+The
+.FONT CI roff
+extensions refer to preprocessors or macro packages.
+.
+These extensions are fixed in all
+.FONT CI Unix R \-like
+operating systems.
+.
+.
+.P
+Later on,
+.FONT CR groff
+added some more extensions.
+.
+We will now write a
+.I man\-page about these filename extensions.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH HISTORICAL RUNOFF LANGUAGE
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The first text language that used the
+.FONT CB .COMMAND
+structure for defining commands is said to be the
+.FONT CI MEMO
+language with programs
+.FONT CB MODIFY
+and
+.FONT CB DITTO R .
+.
+It was used at
+.FONT CR MIT
+under the operating system
+.FONT CR CTSS
+in the years 1960\-63.
+.
+But there is no open documentation for this old text system, but it
+seems that there is 1 book about it in the non-public library at
+.FONT CB MIT R .
+.
+.
+.P
+The letter
+.FONT CB m
+taken from
+.FONT CI MEMO R / MODIFY
+is still active as the option
+.FONT CB -m
+for declaring a macro package in
+.FONT CB troff R / CB nroff R .
+.
+.
+.P
+The first documented
+.FONT CB .COMMAND
+text language was
+.FONT CI RUNOFF R ,
+see
+.BR runoff (@MAN7EXT@).
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS RUNOFF Files
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+All available
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+files are now kept in the internet at an archive on
+.FONT CI github R .
+.
+Use the command-line call
+.RS
+.EX
+.FONT CR "$ " CB "git clone address@hidden:RUNOFF/RUNOFF.git"
+.EE
+.RE
+for getting this archive (without the leading dollar).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .RUNOFF
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .runoff
+were the oldest naming for files in the original
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+format of the 1960s at
+.FONT CR "IBM 7090"
+and
+.FONT CR 7094
+with the operating system
+.FONT CR CTSS R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .RUN
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .run
+This abbreviation was used for
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+files on the
+.FONT CR CTSS
+and
+.FONT CR Multics
+operating system in the 1960s and later on.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .RNO
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .rno
+was used for normal
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+text files, mostly on the
+.FONT CR "PDP10\-10 archive" R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .RNH
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .rnh
+was used for help files written in the
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+language on the
+.FONT CR "PDP10\-10 archive" R .
+.
+.
+.P
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+files with the extensions
+.FONT CB .rnh R ,
+.FONT CB .rno R ,
+and
+.FONT CB .run
+are still available in the internet at several sites, mostly at the
+.FONT CR "DEC PDP\-10 archive" R .
+.
+See
+.nh
+.UR http://\:pdp\-10.trailing\-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/\:searchbyname?name=*.rnh
+RNH
+.UE ,
+.UR http://\:pdp\-10.trailing\-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/\:searchbyname?name=*.rno
+RNO
+.UE ,
+and
+.UR http://\:pdp\-10.trailing\-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/\:searchbyname?name=*.run
+RUN
+.UE .
+.hy
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Processed RUNOFF Text Files
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+Files written in the
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+language were processed by the program
+.FONT CB RUNOFF R .
+.
+Only text files were produced by this step, because graphics was not
+available in the 1960s.
+.
+Today we would use the file name extension
+.FONT CI * CB .txt R .
+.
+That was not done in these early times.
+.
+Instead the following extensions were taken:
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .DOC
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .doc
+Very often this naming was used for the output of the
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+program.
+.
+It contained
+.I filled
+and
+.I hyphenated
+text, suitable for tty mode.
+.
+The extension
+.FONT CB .doc
+was later on taken by
+.FONT CR Microsoft
+for their
+.IR "office files" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .MEM
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .mem
+This often used extension was taken for
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+files to refer to the ancient
+.FONT CI MEMO
+language.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .HLP
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .hlp
+The formatting of
+.FONT CI * CB .rnh
+files (help files) was stored under this extension.
+.
+.
+.P
+This ends the description of
+.FONT CI RUNOFF .R .
+.
+All following parts of this document refer to the
+.FONT CI roff
+language and the used file name extensions thereof.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH COMPRESSION OF ROFF FILES
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+Each
+.FONT CI roff
+file can be optionally
+.IR compressed .
+.
+That means that the
+.I total filename
+ends with a
+.IR "compressor name" .
+.
+So the whole filename has the structure
+.IR <name> \f[CB].\fP <extension>[ \f[CB].\fP <compression>] .
+.
+.
+.P
+Mostly known are the
+.I compressor extensions
+.FONT CB .Z R ,
+.FONT CB .gz R ,
+and
+.FONT CB .bzip2 R .
+.
+Relatively new is
+.FONT CB .xz R .
+.
+.
+.P
+From now on, we will ignore the
+.I compressions
+and only comment the structure
+.IB <name> . <extension>\fR.\fP
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH MAN\-PAGES
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The
+.FONT CR Unix
+.FONT CI "manual pages"
+are shortly named
+.FONT CI "man\-pages" R .
+.
+The
+.FONT CI man\-page
+style is the best known part of the
+.FONT CI roff
+language.
+.
+.
+.P
+The extensions for
+.FONT CI man
+should be better documented.
+.
+So this is documented here.
+.
+.
+.P
+Files written in the
+.FONT CI man
+language use the following extension:
+.IB * . <section>[<group>] .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Man-page Sections
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The traditional
+.FONT I "man\-page " CI <section>
+is a digit from
+.FONT CB 1
+to
+.FONT CB 8 R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .1
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .2
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .3
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .4
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .5
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .6
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .7
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .8
+Classic man\-page
+.IR sections .
+.
+.
+.P
+Linux added the section number
+.FONT CB 9
+for kernel man\-pages.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .9
+.I Linux
+kernel man-pages
+.
+.
+.P
+In older commercial
+.FONT CI Unix
+systems, the 3 characters
+.FONT CB l R ,
+.FONT CB n R ,
+and
+.FONT CB o
+were also used as
+.I section
+names.
+.
+This is today
+.IR deprecated ,
+but there are still documents in this format.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .l
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .n
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .o
+.I Deprecated
+old
+.IR "man\-page sections" .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Man\-page Group Extensions
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The
+.I <group>
+extension in
+.FONT CB . I <section>[<group>]
+is optional, but it can be any string of word characters.
+.
+Usually programmers use a group name that is already used, e.g.
+.FONT CB x
+for
+.FONT CI "X Window System"
+documents or
+.FONT CB tk
+to refer to the
+.FONT CI tk
+programming language.
+.
+.
+.P
+Examples:
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB groff.1
+is the man-page for
+.FONT CB groff
+in
+.I section
+.FONT CB 1
+without a
+.I group
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB xargs.1posix.gz
+is the man\-page for the program
+.FONT CB xargs
+in
+.I section
+.FONT CB 1
+and
+.I group
+.FONT CB posix R ;
+moreover it is
+.I compressed
+with
+.FONT CB gz
+.FONT R ( CB gzip R ).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB config.5ssl
+.FONT CI "OpenSSL CONF"
+library configuration files from
+.I section
+.FONT CB 5
+with
+.I group
+.FONT CB ssl R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB dpkg-reconfigure.8cdebconf
+man\-page for the program
+.FONT CB dpkg\-reconfigure
+in
+.I section
+.FONT CB 8
+and
+.I group
+.FONT CB cdebconf R .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Source of Man\-pages
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+There are 2
+.FONT CI roff
+languages for writing man\-pages:
+.FONT CB man
+and
+.FONT CB mdoc R .
+.
+.
+.P
+The names of these 2 styles are taken as
+.I extensions
+for the source code files of man\-pages in the
+.FONT CI groff
+package.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .man
+.I traditional
+Unix\-like man\-page format.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .mdoc
+additional BSD man-page format.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .mandoc
+Files using this extension recognize both man\-page formats in
+.FONT CB groff
+and other processors.
+.
+.
+.TP
+FONT I <name> CB .n
+A temporary man-page file produced by a run of
+.B make
+in the
+.CB groff
+source package.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH TRADITIONAL TROFF EXTENSIONS
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Files Using Macro Packages
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The
+.FONT CI "classical roff"
+languages were interpreted by the
+.FONT CB "traditional troff"
+and
+.FONT CB "nroff"
+programs.
+.
+.
+.P
+There were several
+.FONT CI roff
+languages, each represented by a
+.IR "macro-package" .
+.
+Each of these provided a suitable file name
+.IR extension :
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .me
+.FONT CI roff
+file using the
+.FONT CB me
+.IR "macro package" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .mm
+.FONT CI roff
+file using the
+.FONT CB mm
+.I macro package
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .ms
+.FONT CI roff
+file using the
+.FONT CB ms
+.I macro package
+.
+.
+.P
+All of these classical
+.FONT CI roff
+languages and their extensions are still very active in
+.BR groff .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Source Code for Macro Packages (TMAC Files)
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+In traditional
+.FONT CI roff
+the source code for the macro packages was stored in
+.FONT CI TMAC
+files.
+.
+Their file names have the form:
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB tmac. I <package> R ,
+.I <package>
+is the name of the macro package without the leading
+.FONT CB m
+character, wich is reintegrated by the option
+.FONT CB -m R .
+.
+.
+.P
+For example,
+.FONT CB tmac.an
+is the source for the
+.FONT CB man
+macro package.
+.
+.
+.P
+In the
+.FONT CB groff
+source, more suitable file names were integrated, see later on.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Preprocessors
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+Moreover, the following
+.I preprocessors
+were used as filename extension:
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .chem
+for the integration of chemical formulas
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .eqn
+for the mathematical use of equations
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .pic
+graphical tool
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .tbl
+for tables with
+.FONT CI tbl
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .ref
+for files using the
+.FONT CB prefer
+.I preprocesor
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Classical Roff Files
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .t
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .tr
+for files using the
+.FONT CI roff
+language of any kind
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH NEW GROFF EXTENSIONS
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.FONT CI "GNU roff"
+.FONT CB groff
+is the actual
+.FONT CI roff
+standard, both for classical
+.FONT CI roff
+and new extensions..
+.
+So even the used new extensions in the source code should be regarded
+as actual standard.
+.
+The following extensions are used instead of classical
+.FONT CB .t
+or
+.FONT CB .tr R :
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .groff
+.TQ
+.FONT I <name> CB .roff
+general ending for files using the
+.FONT CI groff
+.I language
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Source Code for Macro Packages (TMAC Files)
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+As the classical form
+.FONT CB tmac. I <package_without_m> R ,
+of the
+.FONT CI TMAC
+file names is quite strange,
+.
+CI groff
+added the following structures:
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <package_without_m> CB .tmac
+.TQ
+.FONT CB m I <package> CB .tmac
+.TQ
+.FONT CB groff_m I <package> CB .tmac
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Files Using new Macro Packages
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.FONT CI Groff
+uses the following new macro packages:
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .mmse
+file with swedish
+.FONT CB mm
+.I makros
+for
+.B groff
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .mom
+files written in the
+.FONT CI "groff macro package"
+.FONT CB mom
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .www
+files written in
+.FONT CB HTML R \-like
+.FONT CI groff
+.IR macros .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Preprocessors and Postprocessors
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .hbtbl
+a new
+.FONT CI tbl
+format.
+.
+See
+.BR groff_hdtbl (@MAN7EXT@).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .grap
+files written for the graphical
+.FONT CB grap
+processor.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .grn
+for including
+.BR gremlin (@MAN1EXT@),
+pictures, see
+.BR grn (@MAN1EXT@).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT I <name> CB .pdfroff
+transform this file with
+.FONT CB pdfroff
+of the
+.FONT CI groff
+system
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.
+.TP
+History and future
+.BR runoff (@MAN7EXT@),
+.BR roff (@MAN7EXT@),
+.BR man\-pages (@MAN7EXT@),
+.BR groff_diff (@MAN7EXT@),
+.BR groff (@MAN7EXT@)
+.
+.
+.TP
+.I Compression
+.BR uncompress (1posix),
+.BR gzip2 (@MAN1EXT@),
+.BR bzip2 (@MAN1EXT@),
+.BR xz (@MAN1EXT@)
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "AUTHORS"
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.authors
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "COPYING"
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.copying
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" Emacs settings
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.\" Local Variables:
+.\" mode: nroff
+.\" End:
Index: runoff.man
===================================================================
RCS file: runoff.man
diff -N runoff.man
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ runoff.man 11 Aug 2013 08:30:43 -0000 1.5
@@ -0,0 +1,11247 @@
+.\" t
+.TH RUNOFF @MAN7EXT@ "@MDATE@" "Groff Version @VERSION@"
+.SH NAME
+RUNOFF \[em] the predecessor of the \f[CI]roff\f[] langugage
+.
+.\" The .SH was moved to this place in order to appease `apropos'.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" Legalese
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.de authors
+This file was written by Bernd Warken
+.MT address@hidden
+.ME .
+..
+.
+.
+.de copying
+Copyright \(co 2013
+.RS
+.ft CI
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.ft R
+.RE
+.
+.P
+Last update: 14 May 2013
+.
+.P
+This file is part of
+.ft CI
+groff\\f[R], a free software project.
+.
+.P
+You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the
+.nh
+.ft CI
+GNU General Public License
+.ft R
+.hy
+as published by the
+.nh
+.ft CI
+Free Software Foundation (FSF)\\f[R],
+.hy
+either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+.
+.P
+You should have received a copy of the
+.nh
+.ft CI
+GNU General Public License
+.ft R
+.hy
+along with
+.ft CI
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+.nh
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+.ft CB
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+.
+.P
+You can also visit
+.UR http://\\:www.gnu.org/\\:licenses
+.UE .
+..
+.
+.
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+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
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+.
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+.\" use groff_hdtbl
+.\" mso hdtbl.tmac
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+.\" hdtbl Table: List of Commands (Alphabetical) page 1/5
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+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" hdtbl Table: List of Commands (Alphabetical) page 4/5
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
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+.
+.TBL cols=3
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+.
+.ETB
+.
+.
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+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" hdtbl Table: List of Commands (Alphabetical) page 5/5
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.fi
+.hy
+.
+.TBL cols=3
+.TR hl=d ".TH colspan=2 Command or Abbreviation" ".TH Related Commands"
+.
+.
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+.nh
+.
+.\" S2 =================================================================
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+.
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+.
+.
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+.
+.
+.ETB
+.
+.
+.fi
+.hy
+.
+.bp
+.
+.
+.eHDTBL
+.\" end of .de1 TableHDTBL
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" End of macro definitions.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+..\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+is a language for creating documents.
+.
+This was the first document language at all.
+.
+It is the ancestor of
+.FONT CI roff R .
+.
+.
+.P
+See section
+.FONT CB "SEE ALSO"
+at the end of this document for internet addresses.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH HISTORY
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The first text processing language was
+.FONT CI DITTO
+at the
+.FONT CI CTSS
+computer at
+.FONT CI MIT R .
+.
+But now there isn't any documentation about the corresponding programs
+nor files written in the
+.FONT CI DITTO
+language.
+.
+.
+.P
+So
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+can regarded as the oldest text processing language, because there is
+enough documentation and files written inb this language.
+.
+.
+.P
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+was built by
+.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer"
+in 1963 and 1964 at
+.FONT CR \%MIT
+using the operating system
+.FONT CR CTSS
+on computers
+.FONT CR "IBM 7090"
+and
+.FONT CR 7094
+at the
+.FONT CI MIT
+in Boston.
+.
+.
+.P
+At the
+.FONT CI Unix
+operating system, the
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+language was the base for the generation of the text generator language
+.IR \%roff .
+.
+Today
+.I \%roff
+is maintained by
+.IR \%GNU\~troff ,
+the program
+.BR \%groff (@MAN1EXT@)
+and its language
+.BR \%groff (@MAN7EXT@).
+.
+So
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+is the ancestor for
+.IR \%groff .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Old RUNOFF Documentation
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+Look at section
+.FONT CR "SEE ALSO"
+for the internet connections to these documents.
+.
+.
+.P
+All started at the operating system called
+.I \%CTSS
+in the early 1960s at the
+.IR \%MIT .
+.
+.
+.P
+There was a first documentation in 1964 by
+.FONT CI Saltzer
+who created the
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+language.
+.
+He published a documentation titled
+.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \(em TYPSET and RUNOFF, Memorandum editor and \
+type\-out commands" R .
+.
+.
+.P
+In december 1966,
+.FONT CI Saltzer
+published an updated documentation
+.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \(em Manuscript Typing and Editing" R .
+.
+This article can be regarded as the documentation of the original
+.FONT CI RUNOFF R .
+.
+.
+.P
+Moreover
+.FONT CI Saltzer
+published another document in 1965.
+.
+It's titled
+.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \(em Experimental Additions to the RUNOFF Command"
+.
+We integrate the
+.I "control words"
+in this documentation in a section about
+.I \%Experimental
+.IR \%Additions .
+.
+.
+.P
+In later years, many people worked with the operating system
+.FONT CI Multics R .
+.
+There
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+was further developed.
+.
+.
+.P
+There is a good documentation of 1973 titled
+.FONT CI "Larry Barnes \(em RUNOFF: \
+A Program for the Preparation of Documents" R .
+.
+The
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+was here further developed.
+.
+We use this document as well.
+.
+.
+.P
+Another good document comes from 1974 at the
+.FONT CR "DEC RSTS" R .
+.
+It is titled
+.FONT CI "RUNOFF User's Guide" R .
+.
+It contains the best description of the text lines.
+.
+We are glad to use that.
+.
+.
+.P
+The latest
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+documentation is file
+.FONT CB RUNOFF.DOC
+from
+.FONT CR PDP\-11
+at 1981, see
+.FONT CR "SEE ALSO" R .
+.
+The content of this document is also included in this document,
+although it has some errors.
+.
+.
+.P
+There is still more documentation by the
+.FONT CR "DEC PDP\-10 archive" R .
+.
+So far this information is not yet included in this document, but it
+will be done later on.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Early Environment 1963\-66 (CTSS)
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.FONT CI Saltzer
+originally worked on
+.IR \%MIT 's
+.I \%CTSS time-sharing operating
+.IR \%system .
+.
+There he had an editor
+.FONT CB TYPSET
+that he also documented in the documentation cited above.
+.
+This editor was an ancestor for
+.BR \%ed (@MAN1EXT@).
+.
+.
+.P
+To use his
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+language, he programmed a tool that he called
+.FONT CB RUNOFF R .
+.
+.
+.P
+There is still an emulator and the old source files for
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+and
+.FONT CB TYPSET
+at
+.nh
+.UR http://\:www.cozx.com/\:~dpitts/\:ibm7090.html
+.FONT CR "IBM 7090 CTSS"
+.UE .
+.hy
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS The original RUNOFF program 1963-66
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The original
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+program is also documented in the documentation of 1966 above.
+.
+.
+.P
+.FONT CI Saltzer
+uses upper case
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+to denote his program.
+.
+So we will also use
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+to refer to the original program of 1963-66.
+.
+.
+.P
+This program has mainly the task to adjust a printer of that time and
+then print a
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+document with this configuration.
+.
+Today this does not make much sense, but some parts are still
+available in the options of
+.BR \%groff (@MAN1EXT@),
+but under different names.
+.
+So we will not build this ancient program, but we will document its
+old command line here.
+.
+A lower case program
+.FONT CB runoff
+will be something different.
+.
+.
+.P
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+is a command used to type out files of the
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+language in manuscript format.
+.
+.I Control words
+(command names) scattered in the text may be used to provide detailed
+control over the format.
+.
+Input files may be prepared by the context editor
+.FONT CB TYPSET
+which does not exist today.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Usage of RUNOFF Program
+\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.SY RUNOFF
+.I \%filespec
+.RI [ "parameter \*[Ellipsis]" ]
+.YS
+.
+.
+.TP
+.I filespec
+is the primary name of a file to be typed out.
+.
+.TP
+.I parameter
+arguments are any number of the following parameters, in any order:
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB STOP
+Pause between pages.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB NOWAIT
+Suppress the initial pause to load paper and the pause between pages
+(not necessary today).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB PAGE I " n"
+Begin printing with the page numbered
+.IR n .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB BALL I " n"
+Typewriter is using printing ball
+.IR n .
+If this parameter is omitted,
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+assumes that the ball in use will properly print all
+.I CTSS characters
+in the file.
+.
+The number
+.I n
+is engraved on top of the printing ball.
+.
+.I CTSS characters
+not appearing on the ball being used will be printed as blanks, so
+that they may be drawn in.
+.
+This parameter does not make sense in our modern printers.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH BASIC RUNOFF LANGUAGE OF ALL TIMES
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+Files written in the
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+language are similar to modern
+.FONT CI roff
+files.
+.
+.
+.P
+They are both written in text mode.
+.
+So they can be manipulated with text editors like
+.BR emacs (1).
+.
+.
+.P
+In files written in the text languages
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+or
+.FONT CI roff R ,
+there are command lines and text lines.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Basic Command Lines
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+All lines beginning with a period (dot)
+.FONT CB .
+are command lines in both languages
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+and
+.FONT CI roff R .
+.
+The period is followed by the name of the command (1 or 2 words of
+arbitrary length, later one even more words), optionally followed by 1
+or more arguments.
+.
+.
+.P
+The inventor
+.FONT CI Saltzer
+called the command name
+.IR "control word" ,
+but we keep using
+.I command name
+as was done in later times.
+.
+.
+.P
+In
+.FONT CI roff R ,
+lines starting with a single quote
+.FONT CB '
+are also command lines, but that's not true for the
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+language by default.
+.
+.
+.P
+But in
+.FONT CI RUNOFF R ,
+the period
+.FONT CB .
+at the beginning of a line can be changed into any character.
+.
+This can be done by the command
+.FONT CB ".FLAG CONTROL" R .
+.
+So the starting period is only one possible special character.
+.
+But in this man\-page, we use the period before a command name,
+because it is the default and helps recognizing commands directly.
+.
+.
+.P
+In
+.FONT CI RUNOFF R ,
+the command names were quite long, sometimes consisting even of
+several words.
+.
+This is the same in the
+.FONT CI mom
+language in
+.FONT CI groff R .
+.
+.
+.P
+Moreover, the
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+commands can be appreviated by defined 2 letters words (or 3 later on).
+.
+Later on, the
+.FONT CI "classical roff"
+languages used only the 2-letter abbreviations as requests; but
+.FONT CI groff
+expanded these to arbitrary length.
+.
+.
+.P
+In
+.FONT CI RUNOFF R ,
+each
+.FONT CI "control word"
+(command name) can be written in upper or lower case.
+.
+That comes from the time where the computers had only upper case input.
+.
+This was not taken into
+.FONT CI roff R ,
+because there were not enough 2-letter requests.
+.
+.
+.P
+In
+.FONT CI RUNOFF R ,
+comments could be appended to a command line, see section
+.FONT CB Comments R .
+.
+.
+.P
+Lines beginning with a period but having unrecognizable format are
+treated as error.
+.
+.
+.P
+No lines beginning with a dot are printed unless the preceding line
+was a
+.I command line
+with control name
+.FONT CB .LITERAL R .
+.
+Then the the line is output or printed as is, special characters are
+output without their special meaning.
+.
+.
+.P
+Abbreviations for command names are normally based on the first two
+letters of a one word command or the first letter of the first two
+words of a multi\-word command.
+.
+Later on 3-letter abbreviations where used for command names of 3
+words.
+.
+.
+.P
+An example of a
+.I "control line"
+(command line) with a single
+.I "control word"
+with 2 arguments is a long name with upper case
+.IP
+.FONT CB .COMMAND I " arg1 arg2"
+.P
+or the same name in lower case
+.IP
+.FONT CB .command I " arg1 arg2"
+.P
+or an abbreviation with upper case
+.IP
+.FONT CB .CO I " arg1 arg2"
+.P
+or the same abbreviation with lower case
+.IP
+.FONT CB .co I " arg1 arg2"
+.
+.
+.P
+Another example of a
+.I "control line"
+(command line) with 2
+.I "control words"
+with 1 argument is a long name with upper case
+.IP
+.FONT CB ".WORD1 WORD2" I " arg"
+.P
+or the same name in lower case
+.IP
+.FONT CB ".word1 word2" I " arg"
+.P
+or an abbreviation with upper case
+.IP
+.FONT CB .WW I " arg"
+.P
+or the same abbreviation in lower case
+.IP
+.FONT CB .ww I " arg"
+.
+.
+.P
+These
+.I "control words"
+were renamed to
+.I requests
+and
+.I macros
+later on in
+.FONT CI roff R .
+.
+.
+In the 1973 document, the words
+.I macros
+and
+.I formats
+are used, but there isn't any documentation for these terms.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Comments
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+In
+.FONT CI roff R ,
+comments can be included by preceding the special character combination
+.FONT CB \[rs]\[rq] R .
+.
+.
+.P
+That was unknown in
+.FONT CI RUNOFF R .
+.
+There was only 1 method for including comments.
+.
+Command lines could be appended by comments.
+.
+.
+.P
+In the original
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+language, a comment could be appended after the command arguments
+without using separators.
+.
+For example,
+.RS
+.FONT CB ".cmd1 cmd2 arg1 arg2 This is a comment"
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+In the newer
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+languages (documented in 1974), they preceded the comments in command
+lines by the exclamation point (bang)
+.FONT CB ! R .
+.
+For example,
+.RS
+.FONT CB ".cmd1 cmd2 arg1 arg2 !This is a comment"
+.RE
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Basic Text Lines
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+All lines that are not command lines are text lines in both languages.
+.
+.
+.P
+There are 2 modes of text lines in
+.FONT CI RUNOFF R .
+.
+The newer mode had upper and lower case in the source file.
+.
+This was similar to
+.FONT CI roff R .
+.
+.
+.P
+In the
+.FONT CI CTSS
+computer (early 1960s), there were only upper case input hardware.
+.
+So the
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+files had only upper case ASCII characters in the original
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+language.
+.
+.
+.P
+As the printers could print in upper and lower case, there were
+special characters as case-shifters.
+.
+That was also used in late
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+files.
+.
+This process is very different from
+.FONT CI roff R .
+.
+.
+.P
+In the following sections, only the upper case text lines are documented.
+.
+.
+.P
+In
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+and
+.FONT CI roff R ,
+there are special character combinations that can change the handling
+of the text.
+.
+But these special characters are totally different in both languages.
+.
+.
+.P
+One or more
+.I blank lines
+are not printed, but mean a
+.IR "line break" .
+.
+This can also be reached by the
+.FONT CB .BREAK
+.IR "control word" .
+.
+.
+.P
+In
+.IR groff ,
+blank lines are printed as lines of their own.
+.
+This is not a paragraph break, because a line is bigger than a
+paragraph break.
+.
+.
+.P
+A text line that starts with one or more space characters means
+.IR "begin a new paragraph" .
+.
+.
+.P
+In
+.IR groff ,
+this will start a new line and inserts the space characters at the
+beginning of the line.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Appending several Lines in RUNOFF
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+In the 1974 paper, it is documented that a command line can be
+appended by several text or command lines into a single line, each
+being separated by a
+.FONT CI semi-colon
+.FONT CB ; R .
+.
+.
+.P
+If the appended line is a command line, then it starts with a period.
+.
+That's regarded as enough for separation.
+.
+In this case, the separating semi\-colon can be omitted.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Default Conditions (modes) in RUNOFF
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The starting case-mode (for output or printing) is lower case.
+.
+Each text line starts with that mode.
+.
+.
+.P
+Usually the text is
+.I filled
+and
+.I justified
+as it is processed.
+.
+That is, the program
+.I fills
+a line by adding successive words from the source text until one more
+word would cause the right margin to be exceeded.
+.
+The line is then
+.I justified
+by making the word spacings larger until the last word in the line
+exactly meets the right margin.
+.
+.
+.P
+The user may occasionally wish to reproduce the source text exactly,
+which is done by disabling
+.I filling
+and
+.I justification
+or by use of the
+.FONT CR .LITERAL
+command.
+.
+The program may be set to
+.I fill
+but not
+.IR justify ,
+in which case the output will be normal except that lines will not be
+justified to the right margin.
+.
+The program may also be set to
+.I justify
+but not
+.IR fill ,
+although this would probably produce peculiar results and is not
+recommended.
+.
+.
+.P
+When the
+.I fill mode
+is on, spaces and carriage returns occurring in the source text are
+treated only as word separators.
+.
+Multiple separators are ignored.
+.
+.
+.P
+Some of the commands cause a BREAK in the output.
+.
+A
+.I break
+means that the current line is output without justification, and the
+next word goes at the beginning of the next line.
+.
+This occurs at the end of paragraphs.
+.
+.
+.P
+The program will advance to new pages as necessary, placing the title
+(if given) and the page number at the top of each page.
+.
+The user may call explicitly for a
+.I page advance
+where desired, and may inhibit the occurrence of a
+.I page advance
+within specified material.
+.
+.
+.P
+By the documentation of 1974 and 1981, some special characters in text
+lines are initially disabled:
+.FONT CB < R " (" CB CAPITALIZE R ),
+.FONT CB > R " (" CB INDEX R ),
+.FONT CB = R " (" CB HYPHENATE R ),
+and
+.FONT CB % R " (" CB OVERSTRIKE R ).
+.
+.
+.P
+The other special characters seem to be enabled by default.
+.
+These should be:
+.FONT CB . R " (" CB CONTROL R ),
+.FONT CB ! R " (" CB ENDFOOTNOTE R ),
+.FONT CB ^ R " (" CB UPPERCASE R ),
+.FONT CB \[rs] R " (" CB LOWERCASE R ),
+.FONT CB & R " (" CB UNDERLINE R ),
+.FONT CB # R " (" CB SPACE R ),
+and
+.FONT CB _ R " (" CB QUOTE R ).
+.
+.
+.P
+This can be changed by the commands
+.RS
+.FONT CB .FLAGS I " <mode>"
+.RE
+(enabling) and
+.RS
+.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS" I " <mode>"
+.RE
+(disabling).
+.
+Also, each special character can be set to another character by the
+.RS
+.FONT CB .FLAGS I " <mode> <some_character>"
+.RE
+command.
+.
+.
+.P
+The following informs about the
+.I <mode>
+arguments:
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB CONTROL
+default:
+.FONT CI period
+on first column (start command line):
+.FONT CB .
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ENDFOOTNOTE
+default:
+.FONT CI "exclamation character"
+on first column (end of footnote):
+.FONT CB !
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB UPPERCASE
+upper case (single character) and case lock (2 characters), default:
+.FONT CB ^
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB LOWERCASE
+lower case (single character) and case lock (2 characters), default:
+.FONT CB \[rs]
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB UNDERLINE
+underlining word witout spaces, default:
+.FONT CB &
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB SPACE
+quoted space (no filling and justifying), default:
+.FONT CB #
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB QUOTE
+quoting character (output special character without specialization),
+default:
+.FONT CB _
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB CAPITALIZE
+upper case for next character, default:
+.FONT CB <
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB INDEX
+set following word into index, default:
+.FONT CB >
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB OVERSTRIKE
+superimpose the surrounding characters, default:
+.FONT CB %
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB HYPHENATE
+default:
+.FONT CB =
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ALL
+all but the 1st column characters
+.FONT CB .
+and
+.FONT CB !
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB null
+same as
+.FONT CB ALL
+.
+.
+.P
+The following special characters are only documented in 1981, but it
+is not clear if they are initially enabled.
+.
+Also no
+.I <mode>
+for
+.FONT CB .FLAGS
+are documented:
+.FONT CB { R ,
+.FONT CB } R ,
+.FONT CB | R ,
+and
+.FONT CB Ctrl-N R .
+.
+.
+.P
+.FONT CI RUNOFF R 's
+ability to change most special characters is unique.
+.
+.FONT CI roff
+cannot do that.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH UPPER CASE TEXT LINES
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The original
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+text lines are different from the
+.FONT CI roff
+language.
+.
+.
+.P
+As the early
+.FONT CI CTSS
+computers could only produce upper case characters as input, the text
+lines look very strange today.
+.
+This wasn't documented in the documentation of the 1960s.
+.
+But there are good documentations of 1974 and 1981 which contain also
+the old style.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Case Changing of Text Lines
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+In this section, the specification of case for files prepared on an
+upper case terminal is documented.
+.
+There are special characters that in printing act as case-shifters for
+ASCII characters into lower (ASCII code 97 to 122 decimal) or upper
+case (ASCII code 65 to 90 decimal).
+.
+.
+.P
+The lower case mode seems to be the default mode.
+.
+Also, according to existing old
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+files, each text line starts with this default mode.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "single circumflex " CB ^
+The following ASCII character is shifted to
+.FONT CI "upper case" R .
+.
+The following from the document of 1981 seems to be wrong:
+.
+(It is also used to lock the
+.I case mode
+in
+.IR "upper case" ,
+and the
+.I underline mode
+to
+.UL "underline all text" ).
+
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "single back\-slash " CB \[rs]
+The following ASCII character is shifted into lower case.
+.
+The following from the document of 1981 seems to be wrong:
+.
+(It is also used to lock the
+.I case mode
+in
+.IR "lower case" ,
+and disable underlining.)
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "double circumflex " CB ^^
+The case mode is shifted into upper case.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "double back\-slash " CB \[rs]\[rs]
+The case mode is shifted into lower case.
+.
+.
+.P
+A common example with starting mode in lower case for these 4 special
+characters is:
+.
+.P
+.RS
+^HERE IS A ^SAMPLE ^SENTENCE IN ^^UPPER CASE\\ AND LOWER CASE.
+.RE
+.
+.P
+is printed as:
+.
+.RS
+Here is a Sample Sentence in UPPER CASE and lower case.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Further special Characters in Text Lines
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "ampersand " CB &
+This is used for underscoring the next following character.
+.
+For example:
+.
+.RS
+.P
+.RS
+&s&o&f&t&w&a&r&e
+.RE
+.
+.P
+becomes:
+.RS
+.UL software
+.RE
+.
+.P
+in the output or printing.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "circumflex and ampersand " CB ^&
+This is used for underscoring all following characters except for
+blanks.
+.
+One could say that by this character combination the underline mode is
+put on.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "back\-slash and ampersand " CB \[rs]&
+This is used for stopping the underscoring.
+.
+One could say that by this character combination the underline mode is
+put off.
+.
+.
+.RS
+.P
+For example:
+.RS
+^&PLATO\[rs]& was a very ^&wise \[rs]&man.
+.RE
+becomes
+.RS
+.UL PLATO
+was a very
+.UL wise
+man.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+In
+.FONT CI groff R ,
+spaces are not underlined as well.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "number sign " CB #
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+interprets this character as a
+.FONT CI "quoted space" R .
+.
+It outputs exactly 1 space character, it is not justified or filled.
+.
+It cannot end a line.
+.
+In the text it is not treated as a
+.IR "word separator" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "less\-than " CB <
+This character preceding a word capitalizes the entire word up to the
+first space character.
+.
+This is the same as preceding the word with
+.FONT CB ^^
+and ending it with
+.FONT CB \[rs]\[rs] R .
+.
+For example, if the current case mode is lower case, the following
+text line
+.RS
+.RS
+.FONT CB "<DIGITAL OF ^MAYNARD, <MA"
+.RE
+becomes
+.RS
+.FONT CB "DIGITAL of Maynard, MA"
+.RE
+in the output (printing).
+.
+This special character is initially disabled.
+.
+It can be activated by the command
+.FONT CB .FLAGS R .
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "greater\-than " CB >
+This character enters the immediately following word (up to the first
+space character) into the index, including all case shifters in the
+word.
+.
+This special character is initially disabled.
+.
+It can be enabled by the command
+.FONT CB .FLAGS R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "percent " CB %
+This is for
+.FONT CI superimposition
+of the surrounding characters, one character over the other.
+.
+For example, the combination
+.FONT CB /%=
+overstrikes the 2 characters
+.FONT CI slash
+and
+.FONT CI equal
+into the character
+.FONT CB \[!=]
+(unequal).
+.
+In underlining, superimposition cannot be done.
+.
+This special character is initially disabled.
+.
+So a percent character is output as is.
+.
+This character can be enabled by the command
+.FONT CB .FLAGS R .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Special Characters in Text Lines of 1981
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB = CI " equals\-sign " I "\[em] hypenation disable"
+If
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE"
+has been engaged, the
+.I equals
+character
+.FONT CB =
+used to disable
+.I hyphenation
+for the word it precedes.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB { CI " left\-brace " I "\[em] Reverse half\-linefeed"
+If the output device type is no
+.FONT CB N R ,
+then the
+.I left
+and
+.I right braces
+are used for
+.I superscripting
+and
+.IR subscripting .
+.
+The
+.I left\-brace
+.FONT R ( CB { CR " 173 octal" R )
+produces a
+.IR "reverse half\-linefeed" .
+When combined with the
+.I right brace
+.FONT R ( CB } CR " 175 octal" R )
+scripting is created; e.g.
+.FONT CB {super}
+becomes
+.EQ
+"" sup superscript
+.EN
+and
+.FONT CB }sub{
+becomes
+.EQ
+"" sub subscript
+.EN
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB } CR " right\-brace " I "forward half\-linefeed"
+As described above, the
+.I right brace
+.FONT R ( CB } CR " 175 octal" R )
+when coupled with the
+.I left brace
+will produce scripting.
+.
+This will only occur when a scripting output device is selected.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB | CR " vertical\-bar " I "Engage/disengage alternate character set"
+The
+.I vertical bar
+.FONT R ( CB | R , CR " 174 octal" R )
+acts as an on/off switch.
+.
+It will alternately transmit a
+.I shift\-out
+and a
+.I shift\-in
+character to change the selected character set; e.g.
+.FONT CB |ABC|
+becomes
+.FONT CI Ctrl\-N CB ABC CI Ctrl\-O R .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Escape Sequences in Text Lines
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The
+.FONT CI "escape character"
+in
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+(also called
+.FONT CI "quote character" R )
+is the
+.FONT CI "sub character " CB _ R .
+.
+Using this character as a prefix before a special character, outputs
+the special character as it is without its speciality, no formatting
+is done by it.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB _^
+outputs the special character
+.FONT CB ^
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB _\[rs]
+outputs the special character
+.FONT CB \[rs]
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB _&
+outputs the special character
+.FONT CB &
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB _#
+outputs the special character
+.FONT CB #
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB _<
+outputs the special character
+.FONT CB <
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB _>
+outputs the special character
+.FONT CB >
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB _%
+outputs the special character
+.FONT CB %
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB __
+outputs the special character
+.FONT CB _
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH COMMAND NAMES (CONTROL WORDS) IN THE ORIGINAL RUNOFF LANGUAGE OF 1966
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The documentation for
+.I "control words"
+in this paragraph are taken from the
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+documentation of 1966.
+.
+Often this documentation refers to the
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+program that doesn't exist any more.
+.
+When the
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+language will be implemented for
+.BR \%groff (@MAN1EXT@)
+these documentations must be adjusted.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .ADJUST
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .AD
+Enable
+.I fill
+mode.
+.
+The next line is the first one affected.
+.
+This is the default mode.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .APPEND I " file"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .AP I " file"
+Take as the next input line the first line of
+.IR \%file .
+.
+Note that the whole of
+.I \%file
+is appended, and that the appending is an irreversible process \[em] that
+is, once
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+encounters the
+.FONT CB .APPEND
+.I "control line"
+it will switch to the file
+.I \%file
+and continue from the first line of
+.IR \%file .
+.
+All lines following the
+.FONT CB .APPEND
+.I "control line"
+will not be processed by
+.FONT CB RUNOFF R .
+.
+The file
+.I \%file
+may, of course, itself call for appending of still another file, and
+so on.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".BEGIN PAGE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .BP
+Print out this page, start next line on a new page.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .BREAK
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .BR
+The lines before and after the
+.FONT CB .BREAK
+.I "control word"
+will not be run together by the
+.FONT CI fill
+mode of operation.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .CENTER
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .CD
+The following line is to be centered between the left and right
+margins.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".DOUBLE SPACE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .DS
+Copy is to be double spaced.
+.
+This mode takes effect after the next line.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .FILL
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .FI
+Enable
+.IR "fill mode" .
+.
+That means: Lengthen short lines by moving words from the following
+line; trim long lines by moving words to the following line.
+.
+This is the default mode.
+.
+.FONT CB .NOFILL
+disables the
+.I fill
+mode.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .HEADER I " word1 word2 \*[Ellipsis]"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .HE I " word1 word2 \*[Ellipsis]"
+All of the line after the first blank is used as a header line, and
+appears at the top of each page, along with the page number, if
+specified.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".HEADING MODE" I " arg"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .HM I " arg"
+This
+.I control sequence
+alters the mode of the running head to that specified by the parameter
+.IR \%arg .
+.
+Any of the following parameters are allowed for
+.IR \%arg:
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.RS
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB CENTER
+The header will be centered on the page.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB MARGIN
+The header will be adjusted against the right margin of the page.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB FACING
+On even\-numbered pages, the header will be adjusted against the left
+margin, on odd numbered pages against the right.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB OPPOSED
+The header will be adjusted against the opposite margin from the page
+number.
+.
+In the absence of a
+.FONT CB ".HEADING MODE"
+.IR "control sequence" ,
+the default option is
+.FONT CB OPPOSED R .
+.
+.
+.RE
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .INDENT I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .IN I " n"
+The argument
+.I \%n
+is a number.
+.
+Set the number of spaces to be inserted at the beginning of each line
+to
+.IR \%n .
+.
+Indent is preset to 0.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".LINE LENGTH" I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .LL I " n"
+The argument
+.I \%n
+is a positive number.
+.
+Set the line length to
+.IR \%n .
+.
+The line length is preset to 60.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .LITERAL
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .LI
+The following line is not a
+.IR "control word" ,
+despite the fact that it begins with a period.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOFILL
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NF
+Disable
+.IR "fill mode" .
+.
+That means: Print all lines exactly as they appear without right
+adjustment or filling out.
+.
+In
+.I NOFILL
+mode each input line produces one output line; further blank lines are
+output in this mode.
+.
+Use the
+.FONT CB .FILL
+.I control word
+to restart
+.IR filling .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOJUST
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NJ
+Disable
+.IR "fill mode" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".ODD PAGE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .OP
+This
+.I "control word"
+causes the current page to be printed out, and the next page to be
+numbered with the next higher odd page number.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .PAGE R " [" I n R ]
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .PA R " [" I n R ]
+Print page numbers.
+.
+(The first page is not given a page number.
+.
+It has instead a two\-inch top margin.
+.
+See also
+.FONT CB "Manuscript Conventions" R ,
+below.)
+.
+If argument
+.I \%n
+is present, insert a page break and number the next page
+.IR \%n .
+Note that
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+does not output or print completely empty pages.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" I " arg1 arg2 \*[Ellipsis]"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .PM I " arg1 arg2 \*[Ellipsis]"
+This
+.I control sequence
+alters the mode of page numbering to that specified by the arguments.
+.
+The arguments may be in any order, and must be selected from the
+following list:
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.RS
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB MARGIN
+Page numbers will be adjusted against the right margin.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB FACING
+Odd page numbers are adjusted against the right margin, even page
+numbers are adjusted against the left margin.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB CENTER
+Page numbers are centered between the right and left margin.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB TOP
+Page numbers are placed on the fourth line from the top of the page.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB BOTTOM
+Page numbers are placed on the fourth line from the bottom of the
+page.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB OFF
+Page numbers are discontinued.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB PREFIX I " \(dqstring\(dq"
+The string of characters between quotation marks is prefixed to the
+page number.
+.
+The quotation marks may be next to each other, in which case no prefix
+is used.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ROMANU
+Page numbers will be printed in upper case Roman numerals.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ROMANL
+Page numbers will be printed in lower case Roman numerals.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ARABIC
+Page numbers will be printed in Arabic. (This is the normal mode.)
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB SET I " n"
+Set the next page number to be the positive number
+.IR \%n .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB SKIP I " n"
+Skip
+.I \%n
+page numbers.
+.
+.
+.P
+If in a single use of
+.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE"
+several arguments specify competing functions, the last one specified
+takes precedence.
+.
+When the
+.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE"
+sequence appears in text at point A, all text up to A (and probably
+some text after A) will appear on a page controlled by the previous
+paging mode.
+.
+The new
+.I paging mode
+will take effect on the next page.
+.
+Then there is no danger of getting page numbers both at the top and
+bottom of the same page.
+.
+.
+.P
+Use of the
+.FONT CB .TOP
+parameter may conflict with the
+.I \%heading
+.IR \%mode .
+.
+If a heading and a page number should be printed in the same column,
+the page number will take precedence.
+.
+In the absence of a
+.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE"
+.I control
+.IR sequence ,
+the default options are:
+.FONT CB "TOP MARGIN PREFIX \(dqPAGE\(dq" R .
+.
+.
+.RE
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PAPER LENGTH" I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .PL I " n"
+This
+.I control word
+is used for running off a documentation file on non\-standard paper.
+.
+The number
+.I \%n
+is a line count, figured at 6 lines per inch.
+.
+If this
+.I control word
+is not given,
+.I n
+is assumed to be 66, for 11\-inch paper.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".SINGLE SPACE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .SS
+Copy is to be single spaced.
+.
+This mode takes effect after the next line.
+.
+(The normal mode is single space.)
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .SPACE R " [" I n R ]
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .SP R " [" I n R ]
+Insert
+.I \%n
+vertical spaces (carriage returns) in the copy.
+.
+If
+.I \%n
+carries spacing to the bottom of a page, spacing is stopped.
+.
+If
+.I \%n
+is absent or 0, one space is inserted.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .UNDENT I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .UN I " n"
+In an indented region, this
+.I control word
+causes a break, and the next line only will be indented n spaces fewer
+than usual.
+.
+This
+.I "control word"
+is useful for typing indented numbered paragraphs.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH RUNOFF ADDITIONS 1973
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+Here are described only the additional
+.I control words
+that are documented in the 1973 documentation.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Formats
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .FORMAT I " name"
+This command causes subsequent text to be output under the control of
+tne specified format (see below at
+.FONT CB ".DEFINE FORMAT" R ).
+.
+Each following logical line will be fit into the format until a
+.FONT CB .FILL
+or
+.FONT CB .NOFILL
+command 1s encountered.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".DEFINE FORMAT" I " <name> <pos> <field_ definition> \
+\*[Ellipsis]"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".END FORMAT"
+These commands define a format for use in producing tables, etc.
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.TP
+.I <name>
+identifies the format.
+.
+It can be activated by the
+.FONT CB .FORMAT
+.IR command .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.I <pos>
+is the position and may be one of
+.FONT CB .LEFT R ,
+.FONT CB .RIGHT R ,
+or
+.FONT CB .CENTER R ,
+and determines the overall positlon of the format with respect to the
+margins.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.I <field_definition>
+There can be several arguments of this type.
+.
+Each has the form:
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.FONT CI <type> CB ( CI "<letter> \*[Ellipsis] <letter>" CB )
+.
+.P
+where the
+.FONT CI <type>
+is one of
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB L
+for left,
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB R
+for riqht,
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB C
+for center,
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB F
+for
+.FONT CI fill R ,
+or
+.FONT CB J
+for
+.FONT CI justify R .
+.
+.
+.P
+The first three types define fixed fields; the text to be formatted
+must fit within the allocated space.
+.
+The latter types define variable fields; the text will be handled as
+in normal fill mode processing.
+.
+.
+.P
+A picture showing the manner in which text should be output follows
+the
+.FONT CB ".DEFINE FORMAT"
+command; following the picture should be an
+.FONT CB ".END FORMAT"
+command.
+.
+The following lines give an example:
+.
+.
+.RS
+. ft CB
+. nf
+. nh
+. nop ".DEFINE FORMAT SUMMARY L(A) F(C) C(B)"
+. nop "AAAA CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC BBBBBBB"
+. nop " CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC "
+. nop ".END FORMAT"
+. hy
+. fi
+. ft
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+The first field of text is left justified; the second is centered; the
+third is subjected to
+.I fill mode
+processing without justification.
+.
+After the first line of output is generated using this format, all
+subsequent lines are produced using the last picture 1ine.
+.
+(Strictly speaking the third line is unnecessary.)
+.
+.
+.P
+Text for formatted processing consists of a logical line (or
+paragraph).
+.
+Each field except the last must be separated by
+.IR tab .
+.
+The
+.I tab character
+is displayed here as backslash character
+.FONT R ( CB \[rs] R ).
+.
+.
+.P
+The first field of text is
+.FONT CB A R ,
+the second
+.FONT CB B R ,
+etc.
+.
+Typical input for our example might be:
+.
+.
+.RS
+.nf
+.nh
+|A\\YES\\/THIS IS SOME TEXT
+TO BE FILLED.
+.hy
+.fi
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+The characters 1n the picture lines were 1nterpreted as follows.
+.
+Contiguous sequences of letters determine the fie1d positions;
+non\-alphabetic characters are output literally.
+.
+(Note:
+.FONT CB Q.QQ
+wi11 not work, put the period
+.RB \[dq] . \[dq]
+in the text.
+.
+A sequence of characters written between double quotes is considered
+literal text.
+.
+The
+.I double quotes
+are not output, and there is no way to use
+.I double quote
+as a
+.IR literal .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Hyphenation Processing
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .HYPHENATE
+Enable
+.IR "hyphenation mode" .
+.
+This is the default when starting up.
+.
+The
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+program used a small
+.I glossary
+for splitting.
+.
+In
+.I hyphenation mode
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+would try to find a word 1n the glossary which is the same (except for
+the endings
+.FONT CB \-S R ,
+.FONT CB \-ES R ,
+.FONT CB \-ED R ,
+and
+.FONT CB \-E R )
+as the word at the end of the line of text.
+.
+When running in
+.BR groff (1)
+there are
+.I glossaries
+being much more complete than in
+.BR RUNOFF .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOHYPHEN
+Disable
+.IR "hyphenation mode" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .GLOSSARY I " word"
+This command inserts words into the
+.I glossary
+for use in
+.IR hyphenation .
+.
+Each word should have the form
+.FONT CB hy\[hy]phen\[hy]ate
+and be separated by spaces.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".HYPHENATION BREAK" I " n"
+This command set the parameter which determines the allowable number
+of spaces to te inserted in a line before
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+tried to hyphenate the last word.
+.
+Each space counts ten points.
+.
+If more than
+.I n
+points per word would have to be inserted, then
+.I hyphenation
+will be attempted.
+.
+The initial setting of this parameter is 5 (one\-half space per word).
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Margin Controls
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+There are two types of margins involved in
+.FONT CI RUNOFF R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+(1)
+The physical margins.
+.
+These are determined by the nature of the printing device.
+.
+The margins outline the area where it is physically possible to print
+characters.
+.
+.
+.TP
+(2)
+.
+The logical margins.
+.
+These can be set bv the user as he wishes.
+.
+(Limits are imposed by the physical margins.)
+.
+They are initialized for standard 8.5\[dq] by 11\[dq] printing.
+.
+.
+.P
+Commands concerning vertical and horizontal margins are:
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PAGE LAYOUT TM, EM, TOL"
+This sets the vertical logical margins and vertical tolerence.
+.
+Parameters are top margin, bottom margin and tolerance.
+.
+The tolerance is used to determine where to break between pages on
+page overflows.
+.
+If
+there is a line break within
+.I TCL lines
+of the bottom,
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+will break the page there; otherwise it will fill the page completely.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".LINE LAYOUT LM, RM, NO, CS"
+This sets the logical left and right margin, the number of columns,
+and the number of spaces to insert between columns.
+.
+These margins are used for the page headings.
+.
+To adjust the relative
+text position, use the subsequent commands.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".REDUCE MARGIN LM, RM"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".EXPAND MARGIN LM, RM"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".END REDUCTION"
+These commands enable the user to indent a certain portion of his text
+using the first command, or
+.FONT CB .UNDENT
+his text using the second command.
+.
+In either case the original margins are restored by the third command.
+.
+The use of several
+.FONT CB ".REDUCE MARGIN"
+commends before the corresponding
+.FONT CB ".END REDUCTION"
+commands succesively indents the text more, and more.
+.
+Thus these commands are 1ike brackets (i.e. recursive).
+.
+.FONT CB LM
+is added to the left logical margin and
+.FONT CB RM
+is subtracted from the right logical margin in the first command.
+.
+Just
+the opposite is done on the second command.
+.
+Negative numbers are permitted.
+.
+These commands do not effect the position of page headings.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".LAYOUT PLM, PRM, PTM, PBM, LL, LO"
+This command defines the physical margins in the followinq complex
+manner.
+.
+(It should only be used for non\-standard devices, normally this
+command should not be necessary.)
+.
+The parameters are the physical left margin (in spaces), the physical
+right margin, the physical top 1ine, the physical bottom line, the
+line lenqth, and line origin.
+.
+The first four parameters define the physical 1imits of the printing
+device.
+.
+The final two parameters define the length of the logical line and its
+origin with respect to the left edge of the paper.
+.
+Printing starts at column
+.FONT CB "LO + LM" R ,
+and ends at
+.FONT CB "LO + RM" R ,
+where
+.FONT CB LM
+and
+.FONT CB RM
+are the logical margins established by
+.FONT CB ".LINE LAYOUT" R .
+.
+When using the
+.FONT CI "facing feature"
+(see
+.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" R ),
+the logical left margin is
+.FONT CB "LL \[em] RM"
+on even pages, and the right margin is
+.
+.FONT CB "LL \[em] LM" R .
+.
+The parameters for the layout command must satisfy:
+.
+.RS
+.RS
+.nh
+.nf
+.ft CB
+.nop "min(LO + LL \[em] PLM, PRM \[em] LO) > max(PLM \[em] LO, \
+LO + LL \[em] PRM)\f[],\f[CB]"
+.nop LL > 25\f[], and \f[CB]PBM \[em] PTM > 6\f[]
+.fi
+.hy
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+This command sets
+.FONT CB LM
+to 15,
+.FONT CB RM
+to
+.FONT CB "LL \[em] 10" R ,
+.FONT CB TM
+to
+.FONT CB PTM R ,
+and
+.cb BM
+to
+.FONT CB "PBM \[em] 6" R .
+.
+(These margin settings produce the standard 1.5 inch left, and 1 inch
+right, too, and bottom margins.)
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+Initially
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+sets the margins for
+.I teletype
+output to:
+.
+.
+.RS
+.RS
+.nh
+.nf
+.ft CB
+.nop .LAYOUT 6, 89, 6, 66, 8S, 0
+.nop .LINE LAYOUT 15, 75
+.nop .FILL
+.ft
+.fi
+.hy
+.RE
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+The printer layout is:
+.
+.RS
+.RS
+.nh
+.nf
+.ft CB
+.nop ".layout 5, 137, 6, 66, 85, 15"
+.nop ".page layout 6, 60, 4"
+.ft
+.fi
+.hy
+.RE
+.RE
+.
+.P
+The logical margins must satisfy:
+.
+.RS
+.RS
+.nh
+.nf
+.ft CB
+.nop min(LL, PRM \[em] LO, LO \[em] LL \[em] PLM) >= RM >
+.nop " LM >= max(0, PLM \[em] LO, LO + LL \[em] PRM)" \f[],\f[CB]
+.nop "PBM >= BM > TM >= PTM" "\f[], and\f[CB]"
+.nop BM \[em] TM > TOL\f[].
+.fi
+.hy
+.RE
+.RE
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Paragraph Formatting
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH SPACING" I " n"
+.
+This specifies how many lines are to be inserted between paragraphs.
+.
+Initial setting = 1.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH INDENTATION" I " n"
+This specifies how many additional spaces to insert at the beginning
+of a paragraph.
+.
+Initial setting = 5.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH UNDENTATION" I " n"
+This command is the same as
+.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH INDENTATION" I " \-n" R .
+.
+That is,
+.I n
+fewer spaces are inserted at the beginning of the paragraph.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Special Line Justification and Control
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+These commands pertain to the next logical line.
+.
+The end of the line should be designated with a break.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .CENTER
+.
+Center the next line.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .INDENT I " n"
+.
+Indent the next line
+.I n
+spaces.
+.
+If
+.I n
+is not provided, 5 is assumed.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .UNDENT I " n"
+.
+Start the next line
+.I n
+spaces to the left of the normal margin.
+.
+This command is the same as
+.FONT CB .INDENT I " \-n" R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .MARGIN
+Justify the next 1ine against the right hand margin.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Heading and Paging
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .HEADER I " XXXXXXX"
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+accepts a heading to go on the first line of
+each paqe.
+.
+The heading strinq is assured to start at the first non\-blank
+character after thd control word and end at carriage return.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".HEADING MODE" I " <param>"
+.I <param>
+determines the position of the heading on the 11ne.
+.
+.I <param>
+may be any of the following.
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB CENTER
+The header will be centered on the 1ine.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB MARGIN
+The header will be adjusted against the riqht margin.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB PAGING
+On even numbered pages the header is adjusted against the right
+margin.
+.
+On odd pages it is adjusted against the left mergin.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB OPPOSED
+The header will be adjusted against the opposite margin from the
+page numter.
+.
+This is the initial mode.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" I " <param>"
+.
+This command determines the placing of the page number.
+.
+All parameters are optional.
+.I <param>
+may be anyone or more of the following oommands.
+.
+In case of conflict the latest command wins.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB CENTER
+The page numbers are centered between the logical margins.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB MARGIN
+The page number is adjusted against the right margin.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB FACING
+On even numbered pages the number will be adjusted against the right
+margin.
+.
+On odd numbered pages tne number will be adjusted against the
+left margin.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB TOP
+Page numbers are placed on the first line.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB BOTTOM
+Page numbers are placed on the last line.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB OFF
+Printing page numbers is discontinued.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .PREFIX I " <string>"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .SECTION I " <string>"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .SUFFIX I " <string>"
+The strings of characters between quotation marks are used to form the
+page string, which has the form:
+.
+.RS
+.I <prefix><section><page number><suffix>
+.
+.P
+Any or all of these strings mav be null.
+.
+The section string is considered to be part of the page number for
+purposes of indexing.
+.
+.RE
+.P
+Initial mode is:
+.
+.RS
+.RS
+.ft CB
+.nop ".PAGING MODE TOP MARGIN PREFIX \[dq]Page\[dq]"
+.nop ".PAGING MODE SECTION \[dq]\[dq] SUFFIX \[dq]\[dq]"
+.RE
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+If neither page number nor heading is used, the text will start on the
+first logical line.
+.
+Otherwise it will start on the fourth logical line.
+.
+If the page number is at the bottom, text will end on the fourth line
+from the bottom.
+.
+If the paging and headinq mode conflict, the page string overwrites
+the heading.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".ODD PAGE"
+This
+.FONT CI "control word"
+causes the ourrent page to be printed out and the next page to be
+started with the next higher odd number.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .PAGE I " n"
+If
+.I n
+is present, insert a page break and start numbering the next pege
+with
+.IR n .
+Otherwise, turn the
+.I paging mode
+on and do not insert a page break.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .EJECT I " n"
+Insert a page break if either there are fewer than
+.I n
+lines left on the page or
+.I n
+is not present.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Lines and Spacing
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".SINGLE SPACE"
+Sing1e space all 1ines within paragraphs.
+.
+This is the initial state.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".DOUBLE SPACE"
+Double space all lines within paragraphs.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .SPACE I " n"
+Output
+.I n
+1ine spaces.
+.
+If
+.I n
+is not provided, 1 is assumed.
+.
+In case of page overflow all remaining blank 1ines to be output are
+deleted.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".FIGURE SPACING" I " n"
+This command is equivalent to
+.FONT CB .EJECT I " n"
+followed by
+.FONT CB .SPACE
+.IR n .
+.
+These commands provide the only means of creatinq blank 11nes.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .BREAK
+The lines before and after this command will not be run together in
+.IR "fill mode" .
+.
+A simpler way to get a line break is to insert one or more blank lines
+in the text.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".BEGIN GROUP"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".END GROUP"
+The output lines enclosed between these two commands are forced to lie
+on a page.
+.
+Thus this command acts in a manner similar to
+.FONT CB .EJECT I " n" R ,
+where
+.I n
+has the 'right' value.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Miscellanous
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .UNDERLINE
+The following 1ine is underlined.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .LITERAL
+The next line is taken as part of text whether or not
+it begins with dot.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .ESCAPE I <char>
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .SHIFT I <char>
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".TAB CHARACTER" I <char>
+The given character becomes the
+.IR escape ,
+.IR shift ,
+or
+.I tab
+character.
+.
+The parameter for the
+.FONT CB .SHIFT
+and
+.FONT CB ".TAB CHARACTER"
+commands may be null, if no
+.I shift
+or
+.I tab
+character is desired.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".DEFINE COMMAND" I " <name>"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".END COMMAND"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .CALL I " <name>"
+These commands give the user the opportunity to combine text and
+control lines to form his own commands.
+.
+All text and command lines between the first and second commands is
+stored away under
+.IR name .
+.
+When the third command is executed, the stored string is read and the
+commands within the string are executed.
+.
+Recursion is not permitted.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .INDEX I " <phrase>, <phrase>"
+.
+.FONT CB RUNOfF
+saves the first phrase in the main index table and the second phrase
+(if any) in a sub\-index table associated with the first phrase.
+.
+.RS
+.
+The index is formatted and output after the last page of text.
+.
+Two built\-in but redefinable formats,
+.FONT CI RINDEX
+and
+.FONT CI SINDEX R ,
+are used to format the index as shown in the following example.
+.
+.RS
+.nh
+.nf
+.FONT CB "Algorithms, 40, 78," R " \[rs]\[dq] uses " I RINDEX
+.FONT CB " analysis of, 27, " R " \[rs]\[dq] uses " I SINDEX
+.fi
+.hy
+.RE
+.
+.
+The following lines give the initial definitions for the indexing
+formats.
+.
+.
+.RS
+.nh
+.nf
+.ft CB
+.nop ".define format RINDEX f(A)"
+.nop "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA"
+.nop " AAAAAAAAAAIAAAAAAAAAAAA"
+.nop ".end format"
+.nop ".define format SINDEX f(A)"
+.nop " AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA"
+.nop " AAAAAAAAAAIAAAAAAAAAAAA"
+.nop ".end format"
+.ft
+.fi
+.hy
+.RE
+.
+.
+In order to get an index output in two columns,
+.RS
+.P
+.FONT CB ".LINE LAYOUT 15, 75, 2, 4"
+.P
+should be the last line of the input.
+.RE
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH RUNOFF DOCUMENTATION 1974
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+This document is the best documentation about text lines.
+.
+Parts of that is used in the document of 1981.
+.
+The documentation of text lines is the best at all.
+.
+This is reguarded above.
+.
+.
+.P
+The documentation of commands will be including later on.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH RUNOFF COMMAND ADDITIONS 1981
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The following
+.I commands
+will be recognized if they are at the beginning of a line started with
+a period.
+.
+Any line in the source file beginning with a period is assumed to be
+one of these
+.IR commands .
+.
+If it is not, an
+.I error diagnostic
+will be typed and the line will be ignored.
+.
+Some
+.I commands
+take one or more decimal numeric arguments.
+.
+These are separated from the
+.I command
+by a
+.FONT CR space R .
+.
+More than one
+.I command
+may be entered on a single line by separating the
+.I commands
+with a
+.FONT CI semicolon
+.FONT R ` CB ; R '
+or a
+.FONT CI period
+.FONT R ` CB . R '.
+.
+.
+.P
+.I Multi\-word commands
+may appear in any form.
+.
+Thus,
+.FONT CB ".NO HEADER"
+and
+.FONT CB .NOHEADER
+are both legal.
+.
+.
+.P
+Many
+.I commands
+may be abbreviated.
+.
+Standard
+.I abbreviations
+are given below each
+.IR command .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Text Formatting Commands
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .BREAK
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .BR
+causes a
+.IR break ,
+i.e. the current line will be output with no
+.IR justification ,
+and the next word of the source text will be placed at the beginning
+of the next line.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .SKIP CI " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .SK CI " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .S CI " n"
+causes a BREAK after which
+.CI n
+is multiplied by the number of
+.I spaces
+between lines.
+.
+The result is the number of lines
+.IR skipped .
+.
+Output is advanced to the top of the next page if there is no room on
+the current page.
+.
+If the current page is empty,
+.FONT CB .SKIP
+does nothing.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .BLANK I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .B I " n"
+causes the current line to be output with no
+.IR justification ,
+skips
+.FONT CI n
+line spaces, and then starts output of the current source text.
+.
+.FONT CB .BLANK
+is like
+.FONT CB .SKIP R ,
+except that the
+.I space
+to be left is independent of line spacing.
+.
+If the page is empty,
+.FONT CB .BLANK
+does nothing.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .FIGURE I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .FG I " n"
+leaves
+.I n
+lines blank to make room for a figure or diagram.
+.
+If fewer than
+.I n
+lines remain on the current page, text continues to
+.I fill
+this page, then the page is advanced and
+.I n
+blank lines are left at the top of the next page.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .INDENT I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .I I " n"
+causes a
+.CI break
+and sets the next line to begin
+.I n
+spaces to the right of the left margin.
+.
+The
+.I n
+can be negative to allow beginning a line to the left of the left
+margin.
+.
+However, a line cannot begin to the left of column 0.
+.
+If
+.I n
+is not supplied, the current paragraph indent is used.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .PARAGRAPH I " n, v, t"
+.FONT CB .P I " n, v, t"
+causes a
+.I break
+and formats the output paragraphs.
+.
+The
+.I n
+is optional and, if present, sets the number of spaces the paragraph
+is to be indented.
+.
+The default value for
+.I n
+is
+.FONT CB 5
+.RI ( n
+can also have a negative value).
+.
+.I v
+is the vertical spacing between paragraphs.
+.
+.I v
+can range from
+.FONT CB 0
+to
+.FONT CB 5 R .
+.
+.FONT R ( CB 1
+is
+.IR "single spacing" ,
+.FONT CB 2
+is
+.IR "double spacing" ,
+etc.)
+.
+.I t
+causes an automatic
+.FONT CI ".TEST PAGE"
+(see the
+.FONT CB ".TEST PAGE"
+.IR command ).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .CENTER I " n" CB ; I text
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .CENTRE I " n" CB ; I text
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .C I " n" CB ; I text
+causes a
+.I break
+and centers the following text in the source file.
+.
+The centering is over column
+.FONT CB ( I n CB " + " I "left margin" CB )/2 R .
+If
+.I n
+is not given, it is assumed to be the
+.
+.IR "right margin" .
+.
+.
+.RS
+.P
+.ce
+NOTE
+.
+.P
+.FONT CB .CENTER R ,
+.FONT CB ".RIGHT MARGIN" R ,
+.FONT CB ".LEFT MARGIN" R ,
+.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE" R ,
+and
+.FONT CB .STANDARD
+take both relative and absolute values.
+.
+Relative values are expressed as
+.FONT CB + I n
+or
+.FONT CB \- I n R ,
+while absolute values of
+.I n
+are unsigned.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .FOOTNOTE I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .FN I " n"
+saves
+.I n
+lines at the bottom of the current page for a
+.IR footnote .
+.
+The
+.I n
+is multiplied by the number of spaces set with the
+.FONT CB .SPACING
+command.
+.
+If insufficient room remains on the current page, space is allocated
+at the bottom of the following page.
+.
+The text of the
+.I footnote
+should begin on the line following the
+.FONT CB .FOOTNOTE
+command.
+.
+.IR Indentation ,
+.IR "case lock" ,
+.IR justify ,
+.IR margins ,
+.IR spacing ,
+and
+.I fill
+are preserved around footnotes.
+.
+However,
+.I commands
+that affect page formatting are illegal in a
+.IR footnote .
+.
+.I Tab stops
+are illegal because they are not preserved.
+.
+A footnote within a footnote is also illegal.
+.
+.
+.P
+The actual space taken by a footnote can be more or less than
+specified by
+.IR n .
+If necessary
+.FONT CR adjust
+.I n
+after examining a draft printout.
+.
+.
+.P
+The
+.I footnote
+is terminated with a line beginning with an exclamation point (the
+remainder of which is ignored).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOTE I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NT I " text"
+starts an
+.IR "indented note" .
+.
+This command
+.I blanks
+.FONT CB 2 R ,
+reduces both
+.IR margins ,
+.I centers
+the text (if no text is given, it centers the word
+.FONT CB NOTE R ),
+and then
+.I blanks
+.FONT CB 1 R .
+.
+At this point you enter the text of the
+.IR note .
+.
+If the left margin is at
+.FONT CB 0 R ,
+the
+.I margin reduction
+is
+.FONT CB 15 R ,
+otherwise it is
+.FONT CB 5 R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".END NOTE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .EN
+terminates the
+.FONT CB .NOTE
+command,
+.I blanks
+.CONT CB 2 R ,
+and reverts the margins and spacing modes to their settings before the
+last
+.FONT CB .NOTE
+command.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .LIST I " n"
+.FONT CB .LS I " n"
+starts an indented list with
+.I n
+spacing, moves the left margin
+.FONT CB 9
+spaces to the right for the first
+.FONT CB .LIST
+command, and
+.FONT CB 4
+more spaces for each subsequent nested
+.FONT CB .LIST R .
+.
+The normal
+.I fill
+and
+.I justify modes
+remain in effect.
+.
+Therefore, you must disengage them just after the
+.FONT CB .LS
+command if you want a ragged right.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".LIST ELEMENT;" I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .LE; I " text"
+starts an item in the list, used in conjunction with the
+.FONT CB .LIST
+comand.
+.
+The elements are numbered sequentially and the number is given a
+negative indent so that the list lines up.
+.
+The number is followed by a
+.I period
+and two
+.I spaces
+so that the indent will be by
+.FONT CB \-4 R .
+.
+The
+.I list elements
+are separated by the standard paragraph spacing and
+.FONT CI "TEST PAGE" R .
+.
+If you want to type the text on the same line as the command, you must
+separate the text from the command with any number of intervening
+.I spaces
+or
+.IR tabs ,
+or (optionally) one
+.IR semicolon .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".END LIST"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .ELS
+terminates the
+.FONT CB .LIST
+command and returns to settings before the last
+.FONT CB .LIST
+command.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .COMMENT I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .; I " text"
+causes the line to be ignored.
+.
+The text is not printed in the output file, but rather is used as a
+.I comment
+line in the source text.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Page Formatting Commands
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .PAGE
+.FONT CB .PG
+causes a
+.I break
+and an
+.I advance
+to a new page.
+.
+If the current page is empty, this
+.I command
+does not
+.I advance
+the page.
+.
+Just like an
+.IR "automatic page advance" ,
+this
+.I command
+prints the
+.I title
+(if given) and
+.I page numbers
+on every page.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".TEST PAGE" I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .TP I " n"
+causes a
+.I break
+followed by a
+.IR "conditional page advance" .
+.
+It skips to the next page if fewer than
+.I n
+lines are left on the page.
+.
+This capability is to ensure that the following
+.I n
+lines are all output on the same page.
+.
+This
+.I command
+has the form
+.I t
+as an optional argument to the
+.FONT CB .PARAGRAPH
+command.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NUMBER I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NM I " n"
+starts page numbering.
+.
+This is the default so there is no reason to issue this command unless
+page numbering is disengaged.
+.
+If
+.I resumption
+of page numbering is desired at a certain page, specify
+.IR n .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NONUMBER
+.FONT CB .NNM
+disengages page numbering.
+.
+However, pages continue to be counted, so that the normal page number
+can appear if page numbering is re\-entered with the
+.FONT CB .NUMBER
+command.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .CHAPTER I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .CH I " text"
+starts a new chapter using the text as the title of the chapter.
+.
+This
+.I command
+acts as if the following
+.I command string
+were entered:
+.
+.
+.P
+.EX
+.nop ".BREAK;.PAGE;.BLANK 12;.CENTER;CHAPTER n"
+.EE
+.P
+The
+.I n
+is incremented by
+.FONT CB 1
+automatically.
+.
+After the CHAPTER
+.I n
+is typed on the page,
+.
+.
+.P
+.EX
+.nop .BLANK 2;.CENTER;text;.BLANK 3
+.EE
+.P
+occurs.
+.
+This
+.I command
+then resets the
+.IR case ,
+.IR margins ,
+.IR spacing ,
+and
+.IR "justify/fill modes" .
+.
+It also clears any
+.I subtitles
+and sets the
+.I chapter name
+as the
+.IR title .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER " I " n"
+supplies a number
+.I n
+to be used in a subsequent
+.FONT CB .CHAPTER
+command.
+.
+.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER"
+would be used when a
+.I chapter
+of a document occupies a source file of its own.
+.
+In such a case,
+.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER"
+would be the first command of the source file.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".HEADER LEVEL" I " n text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .HL I " n text"
+starts a section at the level specified and takes the following text
+as the header.
+.
+.I n
+can range from
+.FONT CB 1
+to
+.FONT CB 5 R .
+.
+The sections are incremented by
+.FONT CB 1
+automatically, and the number is output in the form
+.FONT I i CB . I j CB . I k CB . I l CB . I m R .
+If this is a chapter oriented document, the
+.I i
+is the chapter number.
+.
+Otherwise, it is the number of the
+.FONT CB ".HL 1"
+level.
+.
+This command acts as a
+.
+.P
+.EX
+.FONT CB ".BREAK;.TEST PAGE 9;.BLANK 3"
+.EE
+.
+.P
+followed by the
+.IR "section number" ,
+two
+.IR spaces ,
+and the
+.IR "section name" .
+.
+.FONT CI "HEADER LEVELS " CB 1
+and
+.FONT CB 2
+end with a
+.IR break .
+.FONT CI "HEADER LEVELS"
+.FONT CB 3 R ", " CB 4 R ,
+and
+.FONT CB 5
+end with a space\-dash\-space combination (#\-#).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .TITLE I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .T I " text"
+takes the remaining text as the title and outputs it on every page at
+line
+.FONT CB 0 R .
+.
+The default is no title.
+.
+If a
+.I title
+is desired, this
+.I command
+must be entered in the source file.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".FIRST TITLE" I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".FT" I " text"
+Same as
+.FONT CB .TITLE R ,
+but used to specify the title to be printed on the first page of the
+document.
+.
+This command must precede all text in the source file.
+.
+Use of the
+.FONT CB ".FIRST TITLE"
+command is the only way to print a title line on the first page of the
+document.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .SUBTITLE I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .SUBTTL I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .ST I " text"
+takes the remaining text as the
+.I subtitle
+and outputs it on every page.
+.
+It appears directly under the title.
+.
+The
+.I subtitle
+is not
+.IR indented ,
+but
+.I indentation
+can be achieved by typing leading spaces.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .INDEX I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .X I " text"
+takes the remaining text on the line as a keyword and adds it, along
+with the current
+.IR "page number" ,
+to the internal index buffer.
+.
+The command does not cause a
+.IR break .
+.
+It should appear immediately before the item to be
+.IR indexed .
+.
+A keyword may be
+.I indexed
+more than once.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".DO INDEX" I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".DX" I " text"
+forces a new page, centers the text, if given, otherwise it centers
+the word
+.FONT CI "INDEX" R .
+.
+This command prints the entire contents of the index buffer.
+.
+Entries are printed in alphabetic order and are set against the left
+margin.
+.
+Regular line spacing is used, except that a blank line is left between
+entries of different first letters.
+.
+The page number of each entry is placed on the same line as the entry
+and in the middle of the page.
+.
+Additional page numbers for multiple entries follow, separated by
+commas.
+.
+The index buffer is left empty.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".PX"
+forces a new page after which it prints the entire contents of the
+index buffer.
+.
+Entries are printed in alphabetical order and are set against the left
+margin.
+.
+Regular line spacing is used, except that a blank line is left between
+entries of different first letters.
+.
+The number of the first page on which each entry appeared is put on
+the same line as the entry, beginning at the middle of the line
+(midway betweeen the left and right margins).
+.
+Additional page numbers for multiple entries follow, separated by
+commas.
+.
+The index buffer is left empty.
+.
+.
+.P
+.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX"
+and
+.FONT CB ".DO INDEX"
+perform the same task.
+.
+The only difference is that
+.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX"
+does not interrupt the normal chapter and page sequencing.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .SUBPAGE
+executes a
+.FONT CB .PAGE
+with page numbering suspended.
+.
+The page number is unchanged, but letters are appended to the page
+number.
+.
+This permits insertion of additional pages within an existing document
+without changing the existing page numbering.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".END SUBPAGE"
+disengages the
+.FONT CB .SUBPAGE
+command by executing a
+.FONT CB .PAGE
+command with page numbering resumed.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .APPENDIX I " text"
+.TP
+.FONT CB .AX I " text"
+starts a new appendix using the text as the title of the appendix.
+.
+This command acts as if the following command string were entered:
+.
+.RS
+.P
+.EX
+.nop ".BREAK;.PAGE;.BLANK 12;.CENTER;APPENDIX a"
+.EE
+.RE
+.P
+The a is a letter that is incremented alphabetically automatically.
+.
+After the
+.FONT CB "APPENDIX A"
+is typed on the page,
+.
+.RS
+.P
+.EX
+.nop .BLANK 2;.CENTER;text;.BLANK 3
+.EE
+.RE
+.
+.P
+occurs.
+.
+This command then resets the
+.IR case ,
+.IR margins ,
+.IR spacing ,
+and
+.IR justify/fill
+modes.
+.
+It also clears any subtitles and sets the appendix name as the title.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".NUMBER APPENDIX" I " a"
+supplies a letter
+.I a
+to be used as the letter for a subsequent
+.FONT CB .APPENDIX
+command.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .HEADER I " arg"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .HD I " arg"
+causes the page header
+.RI ( title ,
+.IR subtitle ,
+and
+.IR "page number" )
+to be printed.
+.
+.I arg should be
+.FONT CB UPPER
+to specify
+.I upper case characters
+for the title text,
+.FONT CB LOWER
+to specify
+.IR "lower case" ,
+or
+.FONT CB MIXED R .
+.
+The initial setting is
+.FONT CB ".HEADER UPPER" R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOHEADER
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NHD
+causes the page header
+.RI ( title ,
+.IR subtitle ,
+and
+.IR "page number" )
+to be omitted.
+.
+The header lines are completely omitted, so that text begins at the
+top of the page with no
+.IR "top margin" .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Mode Setting Commands
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .JUSTIFY
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .J
+causes a break and sets subsequent output lines to be justified
+(initial setting).
+.
+The
+.I command
+increases the spaces between words until the last word exactly meets
+the right margin.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOJUSTIFY
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NJ
+causes a
+.I break
+and prevents
+.I justification
+of subsequent output lines to make a ragged right margin.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .FILL
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .F
+causes a break and specifies that subsequent output lines be filled
+(inital setting).
+.
+Sets the justification mode to be that specified by the last
+appearance of
+.FONT CB .JUSTIFY
+or
+.FONT CB .NOJUSTIFY R .
+.
+.FONT CB .FILL
+adds successive words from the source text until the adding of one
+more word will exceed the right margin.
+.
+It stops before putting the last word in.
+.
+(If
+.I hyphenation
+has not been disabled,
+.FONT CB RNO
+will attempt to
+.I break
+words which cause line overflow into syllables.)
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOFILL
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NF
+disengages the
+.I fill
+and
+.IR "justify modes" .
+.
+This
+.I command
+is used to permit typing a table.
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.P
+.ce
+NOTE
+.
+.P
+1. The
+.I nofill\-nojustify mode
+need be used only where there are several lines of material to be
+copied exactly.
+.
+A single line example will not require using these commands if there
+are breaks before and after.
+.
+.
+.P
+2. Normally
+.FONT CB .FILL
+and
+.FONT CB .NOFILL
+are used to turn both
+.I filling
+and
+.I justification
+on and off.
+.
+It is usually desirable to do both.
+.
+A subsequent appearance of a
+.I justification command
+will override the
+.I fill command
+however.
+.
+.
+.P
+3. Because of the action of
+.FONT CB .FILL R ,
+a single occurrance of
+.FONT CB .NOJUSTIFY
+will cause the remainder of the file to be
+.IR unjustified ,
+with
+.I filling
+as specified.
+.
+In order to
+.I justify
+but
+.I not fill
+(not recommended), a
+.FONT CB .JUSTIFY
+command must follow every
+.FONT CB .NOFILL
+command.
+.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".UPPER CASE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .UC
+sets the output mode to
+.IR "upper case" .
+.
+This comand acts the same as typing two
+.CI circumflexes
+.FONT CB ^^ R .
+.
+This is the default mode.
+.
+There is no need to type this command unless the mode was previously
+altered to
+.IR "lower case" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".LOWER CASE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .LC
+sets the typeout mode to
+.IR "lower case" .
+This command acts the same as typing two
+.I back\-slashes
+.FONT CB \[rs]\[rs] R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".FL CAPITALIZE"
+enables the
+.CI less\-than
+.FONT CB <
+character to
+.I capitalize
+the entire word it precedes.
+.
+It then returns the file to the current case mode.
+.
+This
+.I special character
+is usually
+.FONT CR off
+and must be typed at the very beginning of the source text to enable
+this character.
+.
+Typing a space or another
+.FONT CI "less\-than " CB <
+returns the file to the current
+.IR "case lock" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NFC
+disengages the
+.FONT CB "FLAG CAPITALIZE"
+command (inital setting).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .HYPHENATION
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .HY
+engages
+.I hyphenization
+(initial setting).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".NO HYPHENATION"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NHY
+disengages
+IR hyphenization .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".FL HYPHENATE"
+enables the
+.I equals character
+.FONT CB =
+to disengage
+.I hyphenization
+for the word it precedes.
+.
+This
+.I special character
+is initially
+.FONT CR off
+and must be typed at the beginning of the source file to enable this
+character.
+.
+The
+.FONT CI "FLAGS HYPHENATE"
+.I character
+is used to disengage
+.I hyphenization
+for words improperly
+.I hyphenated
+by the
+.IR "hyphenization algorithm" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS HYPHENATE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NFH
+disengages the
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE"
+command (initial setting).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NFL
+disengages the
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE"
+and the
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE"
+commands (initial setting).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .PERIOD
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .PR
+enables printing of two
+.I spaces
+after every
+.I period
+.FONT CB .
+that is followed by at least one
+.I separator character
+(initial setting).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOPERIOD
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NPR
+disengages conversion of
+.I period/separator
+to
+.IR "period/two spaces" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .LITERAL
+.TQ
+,FONT CB .LIT
+disengages
+.I fill/justify
+to permit printing of text exactly as entered in source file.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".END LITERAL"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .ELI
+used after
+.FONT CB .LITERAL
+command to re\-engage
+.IR fill/justify .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Parameter Setting Commands
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".LEFT MARGIN" I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .LM I " n"
+sets the left margin to
+.IR n .
+.
+The
+.I n
+must be less than the right margin but not less than
+.FONT CB 0 R .
+The initial setting is
+.FONT CB 0 R .
+If
+.I n
+is not supplied,
+.FONT CB 0
+is used.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".RIGHT MARGIN" I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .RM I " n"
+sets the right margin
+.IR n .
+The
+.I n
+must be greater than the left margin.
+.
+The initial setting is
+.FONT CB 60 R .
+.
+If
+.I n
+is not supplied, the current page width (set with the
+.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE"
+command) is used.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PAPER SIZE" I " n" CB , I m
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE" I " n" CB , I m
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PS" I " n" CB , I m
+sets the size of the page
+.I n
+lines by
+.I m
+columns and sets the right margin to
+.IR m .
+The default setting is
+.FONT CB 58,60 R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .PITCH I " n" CB , I m
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .PIT I " n" CB , I m
+sets the horizontal and vertical pitch on a supporting output device.
+.
+The horizontal pitch is
+.I n
+and is specified as characters per inch.
+.
+The value must divide evenly into
+.FONT CB 60
+for
+.FONT CI "Anderson\-Jacobson devices"
+and into
+.FONT CB 120
+for
+.FONT CI "Diablo devices" R .
+.
+The default is
+.FONT CB 12 R .
+.
+.
+.P
+The vertical pitch is
+.I m
+and is specified as lines per inch.
+.
+.I m
+must divide evenly into
+.FONT CB 48 R .
+.
+The default is the hardware setting.
+.
+.I n
+and
+.I m
+may be set independently.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .SPACING I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .SP I " n"
+sets the number of spaces between lines.
+.
+The
+.I n
+can range from
+.FONT CB 1
+to
+.FONT CB 5 R .
+.
+The default setting is
+.FONT CB 1 R .
+.
+.FONT CB ".SPACING 1"
+is like
+.I single spacing
+on a typewriter and
+.FONT CB ".SPACING 2"
+is like
+.IR "double spacing" .
+.FONT CB ".SPACING 2"
+puts one
+.I blank line
+between lines of text.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .STANDARD I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .SD I " n"
+returns all parameters, except the pitch settings, to their initial
+settings and sets
+.I n
+as the page width.
+.
+If
+.FONT CB ".STANDARD 60"
+is specified, margins are reset
+.FONT CB ".LM 0" R ,
+.FONT CB ".RM 60" R ,
+.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE 58,60" R ,
+.FONT CB ".SPACING 1" R ,
+.FONT CB "PARAGRAPH INDENT 5" R ,
+and
+.I fill
+and
+.I justify
+are enabled.
+.
+.FONT CB ".STANDARD 70"
+sets right margin to
+.FONT CB 70
+and
+.I page size
+to
+.FONT CB 58,70 R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".TAB STOPS" I " n" CB , I n CB , I \*[Ellipsis]
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".TS" I " n" CB , I n CB , I \*[Ellipsis]
+sets tabs.
+.
+The
+.I n
+must be greater than
+.FONT CB 0
+and listed in ascending order.
+.
+If tabs already exist, the issuing of another
+.FONT CB ".TAB STOPS"
+command clears all previous
+.I tabs
+before setting new ones.
+.
+The
+.I default tabs
+are set at eight\-column intervals to match the
+.FONT CR Digital
+hardware standard.
+.
+These
+.I tabs
+are at columns
+.FONT CB 8 R ,
+.FONT CB 16 R ,
+.FONT CB 24 R ,
+.FONT CB 32 R ,
+.FONT CB 40 R ,
+.FONT CB 48 R ,
+.FONT CB 56 R ,
+.FONT CB 64 R ,
+.FONT CB 72 R ,
+and
+.FONT CB 80 R .
+.
+The tabs are converted to the appropriate number of non\-expandable
+spaces.
+.
+If there are no regular spaces to the left of the
+.IR tabs ,
+they will print out at the appropriate position, even if
+.I fill
+is on.
+.
+If
+.I literal
+is on, the
+.I tabs
+are not converted to
+.IR spaces ,
+but are output as
+.IR tabs .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .AUTOPARAGRAPH
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .AP
+causes any
+.I blank line
+or any line starting with a
+.I space
+or
+.I tab
+to be considered as the start of a new paragraph.
+.
+This command allows normally typed text to be
+.I justified
+without special commands.
+.
+It does not cause a paragraph if
+.I blank lines
+are followed by a command.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOAUTOPARAGRAPH
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NAP
+disengages the
+.FONT CI AUTOPARAGRAPH
+mode.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS List of Commands (Alphabetical)
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.if t \{
+.ig endTBL
+.\}
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" Table using tbl for running in tty
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.nf
+.nh
+.
+.TS
+center,allbox,tab(@);
+cIw(1.5i) sw(1.5i) cIw(1.5i).
+Command or address@hidden Commands
+=
+.
+.T&
+l l l.
+\f[CB].AP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].AUTOPARAGRAPH\f[R])@
+\f[CB].APPENDIX\f[I] text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].AX\f[R])@\f[CB].NUMBER APPENDIX\f[I] a
+\f[CB].AX\f[R]@(=\f[CB].APPENDIX\f[R])@
+\f[CB].AUTOPARAGRAPH \f[R]@(=\f[CB].AP\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NOAUTOPARAGRAPH
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NAP\f[R])
+T}
+_
+\f[CB].B\f[R]@(=\f[CB].BLANK\f[R])@
+\f[CB].BLANK \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].B\f[R])@T{
+7\f[CB].SKIP \f[I]n
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].S\f[R])
+T}
+\f[CB].BR\f[R]@(=\f[CB].BREAK\f[R])@
address@hidden(=\f[CB].BR\f[R])
+_
+\f[CB].C\f[R]@(=\f[CB].CENTRE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].CENTER\f[R]@(=\f[CB].CENTRE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].CENTRE \f[I]n\f[CB];\f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].C\f[R])@
+\f[CB].CH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].CHAPTER\f[R])@
+\f[CB].CHAPTER \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].CH\f[R])@\f[CB].NUMBER CHAPTER \f[I]n
+\f[CB].COMMENT \f[I]text\f[R]@@
+_
+\f[CB].DO INDEX \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].DX\f[R])@T{
+.
+\f[CB].PRINT INDEX
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].PX\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].DX\f[R]@(=\f[CB].DO INDEX\f[R])@
+_
+\f[CB].ELS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].END LIST\f[R])@
+\f[CB].EN\f[R]@(=\f[CB].END NOTE\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].END LIST\f[R]@(=\f[CB].ELS\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].LIST \f[I]n
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].LS\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].END LITERAL \f[R]@(=\f[CB].ELI\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].LITERAL
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].LIT\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].END NOTE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].EN\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NOTE \f[I]text
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NT\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].END SUBPAGE\f[R]@@\f[CB].SUBPAGE
+_
+\f[CB].F\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FILL\f[R])@
+\f[CB].FG\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FIGURE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].FIGURE n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].FG\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].FILL \f[R]@(=\f[CB].F\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NOFILL
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NF\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].FIRST TITLE \f[I]text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FT\f[R])@\f[CB].TITLE \f[I]text
+.
+\f[CB].FLAGS CAPITALIZE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FL CAPITALIZE\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NFL\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].FLAGS HYPHENATE \f[R]@(=\f[CB].FL HYPHENATE\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NFH\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].FN\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FOOTNOTE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].FOOTNOTE \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FN\f[R])@
+\f[CB].FT\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FIRST TITLE\f[R])@
+_
+\f[CB].HD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HEADER\f[R])@
+.
+T{
+\f[CB].HEADER \f[I]arg\f[R]
+.br
+\f[R] [\f[I]arg\f[R]=\f[CB]UPPER\f[R], \f[CB]LOWER\f[R], or \f[CB]MIXED]\f[R]
+T}@(=\f[CB].HD\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NOHEADER
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NHD\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].HEADER LEVEL \f[I]n text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HL\f[R])@
+\f[CB].HL\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HEADER LEVEL\f[R])@
+\f[CB].HY\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HYPHENATION\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].HYPHENATION \f[R]@(=\f[CB].HY\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NO HYPHENATION
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NHY\f[R])
+T}
+.
+_
+\f[CB].I\f[R]@(=\f[CB].INDENT\f[R])@
+\f[CB].INDENT \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].I\f[R])@
+\f[CB].INDEX \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].X\f[R])@
+_
+\f[CB].J\f[R]@(=\f[CB].JUSTIFY\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].JUSTIFY \f[R](\f[CB].J\f[R])@@T{
+\f[CB].NOJUSTIFY
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NJ\f[R])
+T}
+.
+_
+\f[CB].LC\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LOWER CASE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].LE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LIST ELEMENT\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].LEFT MARGIN \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LM\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].RIGHT MARGIN \f[I]n
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].RM\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].LIST \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LS\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].END LIST
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].ELS\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].LIST ELEMENT;\f[I]text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LE\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].END LIST
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].ELS\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].LIT\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LITERAL\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].LITERAL\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LIT\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].END LITERAL
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].ELI\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].LM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LEFT MARGIN\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].LOWER CASE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LC\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].UPPER CASE
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].UC\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].LS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LIST\f[R])@
+_
+\f[CB].NAP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NOAUTOPARAGRAPH\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NF\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NOFILL\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NFC\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NFH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE\f[R])@
+.
address@hidden
+(=\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE
+.br
+.ce
+\f[R] and
+.br
+\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE\f[R])
+T}@
+.
+\f[CB].NHD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO HEADER\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NHY\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO HYPHENATION\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NJ\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO JUSTIFY\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NUMBER\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NNM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO NUMBER\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].NOAUTOPARAGRAPH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NAP\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].AUTOPARAGRAPH \f[R](\f[CB].AP\f[R])
+.br
+\f[CB]\ .PARAGRAPH \f[I]n,v,t \f[R](\f[CB].P\f[R])
+T}
+.
address@hidden(\f[CB].NF\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].FILL
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].F\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NFL\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].FLAGS CAPITALIZE
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].FL CAPITALIZE\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NFH\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].FLAGS HYPHENATE
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].FL HYPHENATE\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NOHEADER\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NHD\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].HEADER \f[I]arg
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].HD\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NO HYPHENATION \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NHY\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].HYPHENATION
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].HY\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NOJUSTIFY \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NJ\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].JUSTIFY
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].J\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NONUMBER \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NNM\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NUMBER \f[I]n
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NM\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NOPERIOD \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NPR\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].PERIOD
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].PR\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NOTE text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NT\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].END NOTE
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].EN\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NPR\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO PERIOD\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NT\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NOTE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NUMBER APPENDIX \f[I]a\f[R]@@\f[CB].APPENDIX text
+\f[CB].NUMBER CHAPTER \f[I]n\f[R]@@\f[CB].CHAPTER text
+_
+\f[CB].P\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PARAGRAPH\f[R])@
+\f[CB].PAGE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PG\f[R])@
+\f[CB].PAGE SIZE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PAPER SIZE\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].PAPER SIZE \f[I]v\f[CB],address@hidden
+(=\f[CB].PS\f[R]
+.br
+\f[CB].PAGE SIZE\f[R])
+T}@
+.
+\f[CB].PARAGRAPH \f[I]h\f[CB],\f[I]v\f[CB],\f[I]t \f[R]@(=\f[CB].P\f[R])@
+\f[CB].SKIP \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].S\f[R])@\f[CB].BLANK \f[I]n
\f[R](\f[CB].B\f[R])
+\f[CB].SP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].SPACING\f[R])@
+\f[CB].SPACING \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].SP\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].PERIOD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PR\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NOPERIOD
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NPR\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].PG\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PAGE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].PITCH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PIT\f[R])@
+
+.\f[CB].PRINT INDEX \f[R]@(=\f[CB].PX\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].DO INDEX text
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].DX\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].PS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PAPER SIZE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].PX\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PRINT INDEX\f[R])@
+_
+\f[CB].RIGHT MARGIN \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].RM\f[R])@
+\f[CB].RM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].RIGHT MARGIN\f[R])@
+_
+\f[CB].S\f[R]@(=\f[CB].SKIP\f[R])@
+\f[CB].SD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].STANDARD\f[R])@
+\f[CB].ST\f[R]@(=\f[CB].SUBTITLE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].SUBPAGE\f[R]@@\f[CB].END SUBPAGE
+\f[CB].SUBTITLE \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].ST\f[R])@
+_
+\f[CB].T\f[R]@(=\f[CB].TITLE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].TAB STOPS \f[I]n,n, \*[Ellipsis] ,n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].TS\f[R])@
+\f[CB].TEST PAGE \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].TP\f[R])@
+\f[CB].TITLE text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].T\f[R])@
+\f[CB].TP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].TEST PAGE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].TS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].TAB STOPS\f[R])@
+_
+\f[CB].UC\f[R]@(=\f[CB].UPPER CASE\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].UPPER CASE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].UC\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].LOWER CASE
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].LC\f[R])
+T}
+.
+_
+\f[CB].X\f[R]@(=\f[CB].INDEX\f[R])@
+.
+.TE
+.
+.hy
+.fi
+.
+.
+.\" End of tbl ----------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.
+.if t \{
+. endTBL
+.\}
+.
+.
+.\" use groff_hdtbl
+.if t \{
+. mso hdtbl.tmac
+. TableHDTBL
+.\}
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH EXPERIMENTAL ADDITIONS 1965
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.
+These
+.I "control words"
+are documented in
+.FONT CI Saltzer R 's
+documentation of 1965.
+.
+It is unsure whether they were really implemented.
+.
+.
+.P
+In this documentation, all
+.I control words
+are written in
+.IR "lower case" .
+.
+The writing in
+.I upper case
+is not mentioned, the same is true for
+.IR abbreviations .
+.
+So this documentation uses only
+.IR "lower case" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .FIGURE
+This
+.I control word
+turns control over to a
+.I figure
+.IR processor ,
+which creates in
+.I core memory
+a representation of a
+.I flow diagram
+under the control of a few special
+.IR "control words" .
+When the
+.I control word
+.FONT CB ".END FIGURE"
+is encountered, the completed picture is printed immediately on the
+page being generated if there is room on that page; otherwise the
+.I figure
+will appear at the top of the next page.
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.P
+Text following the
+.FONT CB ".END FIGURE"
+.I control word
+will be smoothly attached to text before the
+.FONT CB .FIGURE R .
+.
+No break is generated.
+.
+(Restriction: If a
+.I figure
+is being held for placement at the top of the next page, another
+.I figure
+may not be encountered before the first one is printed.)
+.
+.
+.P
+The only
+.I control words
+which are recognized when in the
+.I \%figure processor
+are the following three:
+.FONT CB .FRAME R ,
+.FONT CB .BOX R ,
+and
+.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" R .
+.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .FRAME I " m n"
+This
+.I control word
+intitalizes the
+.I figure processor
+by giving the height and width of the figure to be produced.
+.
+.I m
+is
+the height, in lines; and
+.I n
+is the width, in characters.
+.
+(Note that a 1050 types 6 lines per inch, and 10 characters per inch.)
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.P
+Any attempt to place items in the picture which extend beyond the
+boundaries will cause an error comment to be generated.
+.
+.I \%m
+and
+.I \%n
+must both be less than 100 and their product must be smaller than
+5400.
+.
+We may now think of the
+.I figure
+to be produced as an array of
+.I m
+times
+.I n
+elements.
+.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .BOX I " i j"
+The text on the lines following this
+.I control word
+will be placed in the
+.I figure
+such that the first character on the first line following the
+.FONT CB .BOX
+will appear in row
+.IR i ,
+character position
+-IR j .
+.
+The end of the text is indicated by a
+.FONT CB .BOX
+.I control word
+for another piece of text or the
+.FONT CB ".END FIGURE"
+.I control
+.IR word .
+.
+Temporarily, the text should not include underlined or overtyped
+characters.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".END FIGURE"
+This
+.I control word
+causes control to return to the regular
+.I control processor
+of the
+.FONT CB .RUNOFF
+command, for the decision to print the picture.
+.
+Note that another
+.FONT CB .FIGURE
+.I control word
+may not appear until after this
+.I figure
+has been printed.
+.
+.
+.RS
+.P
+One further
+.I control word
+has been added which is intended to facilitate bringing out revised
+editions of a memorandum.
+.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .FLAG
+The next line to be printed after this
+.I control word
+is encountered will have an asterisk placed two spaces to the right of
+the right margin, as illustrated.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .DEFINE I " symbol"
+.
+This
+.I control word
+defines the value of the symbol
+.I symbol
+to be the number of the page currently being printed.
+.
+The symbol may be used later with the
+.FONT CB .USE
+.I control word
+to cause printing of the page number in text.
+.
+The characters in the symbol must be mappable into the six\-bit
+character set, and all symbols must be six of fewer characters.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .USE I " symbol"
+The value of the symbol
+.I symbol
+is inserted into the text with a single blank preceding and no blank
+following.
+.
+If the symbol has not been previously defined, its value is
+.FONT CB 0 R .
+Text may continue following a blank typed after the symbol.
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.P
+Here is an example of the use of these
+.I control
+.IR words .
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.P
+In one area of text:
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.P
+We now discuss the operation of the typewriter
+.FONT CB ".DEFINE REF1"
+coordinator module, which \*[Ellipsis]
+.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+In a later area of text:
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.P
+As we saw in the discussion of the typewriter coordinator on page
+.FONT CB ".USE REF1" R ,
+the rest of \*[Ellipsis]
+.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+if the first area of text were on page 14, the later line would read:
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.P
+As we saw in the discussion of the typewriter coordinator on page 14,
+the rest of \*[Ellipsis]
+.
+.
+.RE
+.RE
+.RE
+-
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Further Study of Experimental Additions
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+A number of suggestions have been made for extending the
+.I control word
+language of
+.FONT CI RUNOFF R ,
+and its capabilities.
+.
+These are listed here, primarily to elicit comment and discussion,
+both on the language which describes these operations and the less
+important problem of their implementation.
+-
+.
+.TP
+1.
+.
+Word division.
+.
+This is a whole are of study in itself.
+.
+.
+.TP
+2.
+.
+Automatic footnote insertion.
+.
+This was handled somewhat awkwardly in the
+.FONT CB .DITTO
+.IR command ,
+although the basic approach was probably reasonable.
+.
+.
+.TP
+3.
+.
+Automatic page references, perhaps via some symbolic reference scheme.
+.
+This would enable the page number in "as was described on page 32" to
+be inserted by the program.
+.
+The analogy with an assembly program should be hotly pursued for
+ideas.
+.
+.
+.TP
+4.
+.
+Special provision for printing facing pages.
+.
+This would require alternate running heads, placing page numbers
+alternately at right and left, and matching line counts on facing
+pages.
+.
+.
+.TP
+5.
+.
+Improved page\-division rules, to prevent the last line of a paragraph
+appearing alone at the top of a page, for example.
+.
+At present, copy must be run off to check by hand that awkward page
+divisions have not been made.
+.
+.
+.TP
+6.
+.
+Automatic generation of page numbers for a table of contents.
+.
+Again, the analogy of an assembly program symbol table appears
+fruitful.
+.
+.
+.TP
+7.
+.
+Automatic generations of an index.
+.
+The problem here is obtaining too many references to a given word,
+many irrelevant.
+.
+.
+.TP
+8.
+.
+Arrangement of tabulated data.
+.
+This problem may have already been partly approached with the
+above\-described figure generator, or the facilities already available
+in
+.IR RUNOFF ,
+but automatic setup of column widths and positions would be desirable.
+.
+One could include in this category the ability to call on other
+programs to computer numbers to place in tables, although this is
+going pretty far afield.
+.
+.
+.TP
+9.
+.
+Placing figures in a
+.I "cut"
+or
+.IR inset .
+.
+The control language is the most difficult problem here.
+.
+.
+.TP
+10.
+.
+Equation typing and numbering.
+.
+Again, the control language appears formidable.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.PP
+.\" BR RUNOFF (@MAN1EXT@),
+.BR groff (@MAN1EXT@),
+.BR groff (@MAN7EXT@),
+.BR roff (@MAN7EXT@),
+.BR groff_filenames (@MAN7EXT@)
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT R "1964 " CR "Jerome H. Saltzer" R :
+.nh
+.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \[em] TYPSET and RUNOFF, Memorandum editor and \
+type\-out commands"
+.hy
+available at
+.UR \%http://\:mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:CC\-244.html
+.UE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT R "1965 " CR "Jerome H. Saltzer" R :
+.nh
+.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \(em Experimental Additions to the RUNOFF Command"
+available at
+.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:afs/\:athena.mit.edu/\:user/\:other/\
+\:a/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:PSN\-40.html
+.UE
+.hy
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT R "1966 " CR "Jerome H. Saltzer" R :
+.nh
+.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \[em] Manuscript Typing and Editing"
+.hy
+which is available in the internet at
+.UR http://\:mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:AH.9.01.html
+.I MIT html
+.UE
+or
+.UR
\%http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:ctss\/\:AH.9.01.html
+.I CTSS html
+.UE
+or
+.UR \%http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:ctss/\:AH.9.01.pdf
+.I CTSS pdf
+.UE .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT R "1973 " CR "Larry Barnes" R :
+.FONT CI "Larry Barnes \[em] RUNOFF: A Program for the Preparation of
Documents"
+available as
+.UR http://\:www.textfiles.com/\:bitsavers/\:pdf/\:sds/\:9xx/\:940/\
+\:ucbProjectGenie/\:mcjones/\:R\-37_RUNOFF.pdf
+.I pdf
+.UE .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.
+.P
+There is still more documentation by the
+.FONT CR "DEC PDP\-10 archive" R .
+.
+So far this information is not yet included, but it will be done later
+on.
+.
+.
+.P
+The latest
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+documentation is file
+.FONT CB RUNOFF.DOC
+from
+.FONT CR PDP\-11
+at 1981, see
+.FONT CR "SEE ALSO" R .
+.
+The content of this document is also included in this document.
+.
+.
+.P
+Look at section
+.FONT CR "SEE ALSO"
+for the internet connections to the documents.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Early Environment 1963\-66
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.FONT CI Saltzer
+originally worked on
+.IR \%MIT 's
+.I \%CTSS time-sharing operating
+.IR \%system .
+.
+There he had an editor
+.FONT CB TYPSET
+that he also documented in the documentation cited above.
+.
+This editor was an ancestor for
+.BR \%ed (@MAN1EXT@).
+.
+.
+.P
+To use his
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+language, he programmed a tool that he called
+.FONT CB RUNOFF R .
+.
+.
+.P
+There is still an emulator and the old source files for
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+and
+.FONT CB TYPSET
+at
+.nh
+.UR http://\:www.cozx.com/\:~dpitts/\:ibm7090.html
+.FONT CR "IBM 7090 CTSS"
+.UE .
+.hy
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS The original RUNOFF program 1963-66
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The original
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+program is also documented in the documentation of 1966 above.
+.
+.
+.P
+.FONT CI Saltzer
+uses upper case
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+to denote his program.
+.
+So we will also use
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+to refer to the original program of 1963-66.
+.
+.
+.P
+This program has mainly the task to adjust a printer of that time and
+then print a
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+document with this configuration.
+.
+Today this does not make much sense, but some parts are still
+available in the options of
+.BR \%groff (@MAN1EXT@),
+but under different names.
+.
+So we will not build this ancient program, but we will document its
+old command line here.
+.
+A lower case program
+.FONT CB runoff
+will be something different.
+.
+.
+.P
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+is a command used to type out files of the
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+language in manuscript format.
+.
+.I Control words
+scattered in the text may be used to provide detailed control over the
+format.
+.
+Input files may be prepared by the context editor
+.FONT CB TYPSET
+which does not exist today.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Usage of RUNOFF Program
+\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.SY RUNOFF
+.I \%filespec
+.RI [ "parameter \*[Ellipsis]" ]
+.YS
+.
+.
+.TP
+.I filespec
+is the primary name of a file to be typed out.
+.
+.TP
+.I parameter
+arguments are any number of the following parameters, in any order:
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB STOP
+Pause between pages.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB NOWAIT
+Suppress the initial pause to load paper and the pause between pages
+(not necessary today).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB PAGE I " n"
+Begin printing with the page numbered
+.IR n .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB BALL I " n"
+Typewriter is using printing ball
+.IR n .
+If this parameter is omitted,
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+assumes that the ball in use will properly print all
+.I CTSS characters
+in the file.
+.
+The number
+.I n
+is engraved on top of the printing ball.
+.
+.I CTSS characters
+not appearing on the ball being used will be printed as blanks, so
+that they may be drawn in.
+.
+This parameter does not make sense in our modern printers.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH THE ORIGINAL RUNOFF LANGUAGE OF 1966
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+A
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+file consists of
+.I command lines
+and
+.IR "text lines" .
+.
+The
+.I command lines
+start with a period (dot)
+.RB \(dq . \(dq,
+all other lines are
+IR "text lines" .
+.
+.
+.P
+.I Command lines
+are also called
+.I command lines
+by
+.FONT CI Saltzer R .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Text Lines and Conditions
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+.I text lines
+are different from the
+.FONT CI groff
+language.
+.
+.
+.P
+As the early
+.FONT CI CTSS
+computers could only produce upper case characters, the text lines
+look very strange today.
+.
+This wasn't documented in the documentation of the 1960s.
+.
+But there is a good documentation of 1981 which contains also the old
+style.
+.
+Have a look at chapter
+.FONT CI "RUNOFF ADDITIONS 1981"
+section
+.FONT CI "Case Information"
+in this document.
+.
+.
+.P
+One or more
+.I blank lines
+are not printed, but mean a
+.IR "line break" .
+.
+This can also be reached by the
+.FONT CB .BREAK
+.IR "control word" .
+.
+.
+.P
+In
+.IR groff ,
+blank lines are printed as lines of their own.
+.
+This is not a paragraph break, because a line is bigger than a
+paragraph break.
+.
+.
+.P
+A text line that starts with one or more space characters means
+.IR "begin a new paragraph" .
+.
+.
+.P
+In
+.IR groff ,
+this will start a new line and inserts the space characters at the
+beginning of the line.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Command Lines
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+A command line begins with a period (dot)
+.RB \(dq . \(dq.
+.
+Following the dot
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+expects a
+.IR "command name" .
+.
+This is called
+.I control word
+by
+.FONT CI Saltzer
+.BI
+.
+.
+.P
+These
+.I command names
+or
+.I control words
+were defined by
+.FONT CI Saltzer
+as 1 or 2 words of arbitrary length.
+.
+or an
+.I abbreviation
+of defined 2 characters.
+.
+The later
+.FONT CI roff
+language uses only 2\-character requests; but
+.FONT CI groff
+expanded these to arbitrary length.
+.
+Each
+.I control word
+(1 or two words) can be written in upper or lower case as you like.
+.
+.
+.P
+Some
+.FONT CI "control words"
+are followed by a
+.I space
+and the
+.I parameters
+for that
+.IR command ,
+followed optionally by a comment (Comments are not documented
+further).
+.
+.
+.P
+Lines beginning with a dot but having an unrecognizable format are
+treated as errors.
+.
+.
+.P
+No lines beginning with a dot are printed unless the preceding line
+was a
+.I control line
+.FONT CB .LITERAL R .
+.
+All commands are described below.
+.
+Abbreviations for command names are normally based on the first two
+letters of a one word command or the first letter of the first two
+words of a multi\-word command.
+.
+Commands which should close a logical line break do.
+.
+Information on abbreviations and whether commands cause line breaks
+will be found in the summary at the end of the manual.
+.
+In a command line
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+will consider multiple blanks as a single blank (space), if a blank
+character 1s legal.
+.
+.
+A
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+document contains text separated by so\-called
+.IR "control words" .
+.
+As these are full lines, a better name would be
+.I "control lines"
+as is used in the documentation for
+.BR \%groff (@MAN7EXT@),
+.
+.
+.P
+These are lines starting with a period
+.RB ( . )
+and directly followed by a command with or without arguments.
+.
+The command names are arbitrarily long, they can even consist of
+several words, possibly followed by arguments.
+.
+.
+.P
+The
+.I "control words"
+can be written in lower or upper case, just as wanted.
+.
+Moreover, each command name can be shortened to an abbreviation of 2
+characters.
+.
+When the command name has only 1 word, the first 2 characters are taken.
+.
+.I Command names
+with 2 words abbreviate to the first character of each word.
+.
+These abbreviations led later to the 2 character
+.I \%requests
+of
+.IR \%roff .
+.
+.
+.P
+An example of a
+.I "control line"
+with a single
+.I "control word"
+with 2 arguments is a long name with lower case
+.IP
+.FONT CB .command I " arg1 arg2"
+.P
+or a long name with upper case
+.IP
+.FONT CB .COMMAND I " arg1 arg2"
+.P
+or an abbreviation with lower case
+.IP
+.FONT CB .co I " arg1 arg2"
+.P
+or an abbreviation with upper case
+.IP
+.FONT CB .CO I " arg1 arg2"
+.
+.
+.P
+Another example of a
+.I "control line"
+with 2
+.I "control words"
+with 1 argument is a long name with lower case
+.IP
+.FONT CB ".word1 word2" I " arg"
+.P
+or a long name with upper case
+.IP
+.FONT CB ".WORD1 WORD2" I " arg"
+.P
+or an abbreviation with lower case
+.IP
+.FONT CB .ww I " arg"
+.P
+or an abbreviation with upper case
+.IP
+.FONT CB .WW I " arg"
+.
+.
+.P
+These
+.I "control words"
+were renamed to
+.I requests
+later on in
+.FONT CI roff R .
+.
+.
+In the 1973 document, the words
+.I macros
+and
+.I formats
+are used without any documentation.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Control Words (Command Names, Requests)
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The documentation for
+.I "control words"
+in this paragraph are taken from the
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+documentation of 1966.
+.
+Often this documentation refers to the
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+program that doesn't exist any more.
+.
+When the
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+language will be implemented for
+.BR \%groff (@MAN1EXT@)
+these documentations must be adjusted.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .ADJUST
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .AD
+Enable
+.I fill
+mode.
+.
+The next line is the first one affected.
+.
+This is the default mode.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .APPEND I " file"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .AP I " file"
+Take as the next input line the first line of
+.IR \%file .
+.
+Note that the whole of
+.I \%file
+is appended, and that the appending is an irreversible process \[em] that
+is, once
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+encounters the
+.FONT CB .APPEND
+.I "control line"
+it will switch to the file
+.I \%file
+and continue from the first line of
+.IR \%file .
+.
+All lines following the
+.FONT CB .APPEND
+.I "control line"
+will not be processed by
+.FONT CB RUNOFF R .
+.
+The file
+.I \%file
+may, of course, itself call for appending of still another file, and
+so on.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".BEGIN PAGE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .BP
+Print out this page, start next line on a new page.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .BREAK
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .BR
+The lines before and after the
+.FONT CB .BREAK
+.I "control word"
+will not be run together by the
+.FONT CI fill
+mode of operation.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .CENTER
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .CD
+The following line is to be centered between the left and right
+margins.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".DOUBLE SPACE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .DS
+Copy is to be double spaced.
+.
+This mode takes effect after the next line.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .FILL
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .FI
+Enable
+.IR "fill mode" .
+.
+That means: Lengthen short lines by moving words from the following
+line; trim long lines by moving words to the following line.
+.
+This is the default mode.
+.
+.FONT CB .NOFILL
+disables the
+.I fill
+mode.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .HEADER I " word1 word2 \*[Ellipsis]"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .HE I " word1 word2 \*[Ellipsis]"
+All of the line after the first blank is used as a header line, and
+appears at the top of each page, along with the page number, if
+specified.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".HEADING MODE" I " arg"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .HM I " arg"
+This
+.I control sequence
+alters the mode of the running head to that specified by the parameter
+.IR \%arg .
+.
+Any of the following parameters are allowed for
+.IR \%arg:
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.RS
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB CENTER
+The header will be centered on the page.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB MARGIN
+The header will be adjusted against the right margin of the page.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB FACING
+On even\-numbered pages, the header will be adjusted against the left
+margin, on odd numbered pages against the right.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB OPPOSED
+The header will be adjusted against the opposite margin from the page
+number.
+.
+In the absence of a
+.FONT CB ".HEADING MODE"
+.IR "control sequence" ,
+the default option is
+.FONT CB .OPPOSED R .
+.
+.
+.RE
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .INDENT I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .IN I " n"
+The argument
+.I \%n
+is a number.
+.
+Set the number of spaces to be inserted at the beginning of each line
+to
+.IR \%n .
+.
+Indent is preset to 0.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".LINE LENGTH" I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .LL I " n"
+The argument
+.I \%n
+is a positive number.
+.
+Set the line length to
+.IR \%n .
+.
+The line length is preset to 60.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .LITERAL
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .LI
+The following line is not a
+.IR "control word" ,
+despite the fact that it begins with a period.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOFILL
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NF
+Disable
+.IR "fill mode" .
+.
+That means: Print all lines exactly as they appear without right
+adjustment or filling out.
+.
+In
+.I NOFILL
+mode each input line produces one output line; further blank lines are
+output in this mode.
+.
+Use the
+.FONT CB .FILL
+.I control word
+to restart
+.IR filling .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOJUST
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NJ
+Disable
+.IR "fill mode" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".ODD PAGE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .OP
+This
+.I "control word"
+causes the current page to be printed out, and the next page to be
+numbered with the next higher odd page number.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .PAGE R " [" I n R ]
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .PA R " [" I n R ]
+Print page numbers.
+.
+(The first page is not given a page number.
+.
+It has instead a two\-inch top margin.
+.
+See also
+.FONT CB "Manuscript Conventions" R ,
+below.)
+.
+If argument
+.I \%n
+is present, insert a page break and number the next page
+.IR \%n .
+Note that
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+does not print completely empty pages.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" I " arg1 arg2 \*[Ellipsis]"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .PM I " arg1 arg2 \*[Ellipsis]"
+This
+.I control sequence
+alters the mode of page numbering to that specified by the arguments.
+.
+The arguments may be in any order, and must be selected from the
+following list:
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.RS
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB MARGIN
+Page numbers will be adjusted against the right margin.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB FACING
+Odd page numbers are adjusted against the right margin, even page
+numbers are adjusted against the left margin.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB CENTER
+Page numbers are centered between the right and left margin.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB TOP
+Page numbers are placed on the fourth line from the top of the page.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB BOTTOM
+Page numbers are placed on the fourth line from the bottom of the
+page.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB OFF
+Page numbers are discontinued.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB PREFIX I " \(dqstring\(dq"
+The string of characters between quotation marks is prefixed to the
+page number.
+.
+The quotation marks may be next to each other, in which case no prefix
+is used.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ROMANU
+Page numbers will be printed in upper case Roman numerals.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ROMANL
+Page numbers will be printed in lower case Roman numerals.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ARABIC
+Page numbers will be printed in Arabic. (This is the normal mode.)
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB SET I " n"
+Set the next page number to be the positive number
+.IR \%n .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB SKIP I " n"
+Skip
+.I \%n
+page numbers.
+.
+.
+.P
+If in a single use of
+.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE"
+several arguments specify competing functions, the last one specified
+takes precedence.
+.
+When the
+.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE"
+sequence appears in text at point A, all text up to A (and probably
+some text after A) will appear on a page controlled by the previous
+paging mode.
+.
+The new
+.I paging mode
+will take effect on the next page.
+.
+Then there is no danger of getting page numbers both at the top and
+bottom of the same page.
+.
+.
+.P
+Use of the
+.FONT CB TOP
+parameter may conflict with the
+.I \%heading
+.IR \%mode .
+.
+If a heading and a page number should be printed in the same column,
+the page number will take precedence.
+.
+In the absence of a
+.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE"
+.I control
+.IR sequence ,
+the default options are:
+.FONT CB "TOP MARGIN PREFIX \(dqPAGE\(dq" R .
+.
+.
+.RE
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PAPER LENGTH" I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .PL I " n"
+This
+.I control word
+is used for running off a documentation file on non\-standard paper.
+.
+The number
+.I \%n
+is a line count, figured at 6 lines per inch.
+.
+If this
+.I control word
+is not given,
+.I n
+is assumed to be 66, for 11\-inch paper.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".SINGLE SPACE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .SS
+Copy is to be single spaced.
+.
+This mode takes effect after the next line.
+.
+(The normal mode is single space.)
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .SPACE R " [" I n R ]
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .SP R " [" I n R ]
+Insert
+.I \%n
+vertical spaces (carriage returns) in the copy.
+.
+If
+.I \%n
+carries spacing to the bottom of a page, spacing is stopped.
+.
+If
+.I \%n
+is absent or 0, one space is inserted.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .UNDENT I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .UN I " n"
+In an indented region, this
+.I control word
+causes a break, and the next line only will be indented n spaces fewer
+than usual.
+.
+This
+.I "control word"
+is useful for typing indented numbered paragraphs.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH RUNOFF ADDITIONS 1973
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+Here are described only the additional
+.I control words
+that are documented in the 1973 documentation.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Formats
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .FORMAT I " name"
+This command causes subsequent text to be output under the control of
+tne specified format (see below at
+.FONT CB ".DEFINE FORMAT" R ).
+.
+Each following logical line will be fit into the format until a
+.FONT CB .FILL
+or
+.FONT CB .NOFILL
+command 1s encountered.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".DEFINE FORMAT" I " <name> <pos> <field_ definition> \
+\*[Ellipsis]"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".END FORMAT"
+These commands define a format for use in producing tables, etc.
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.TP
+.I <name>
+identifies the format.
+.
+It can be activated by the
+.FONT CB .FORMAT
+.IR command .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.I <pos>
+is the position and may be one of
+.FONT CB LEFT R ,
+.FONT CB RIGHT R ,
+or
+.FONT CB CENTER R ,
+and determines the overall positlon of the format with respect to the
+margins.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.I <field_definition>
+There can be several arguments of this type.
+.
+Each has the form:
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.FONT CI <type> CB ( CI "<letter> \*[Ellipsis] <letter>" CB )
+.
+.P
+where the
+.FONT CI <type>
+is one of
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB L
+for left,
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB R
+for riqht,
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB C
+for center,
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB F
+fer fill, or
+.FONT CB J
+for justify.
+.
+.
+.P
+The first three types define fixed fields; the text to be formatted
+must fit within the allocated space.
+.
+The latter types define variable fields; the text will be handled as
+in normal fill mode processing.
+.
+.
+.P
+A picture showing the manner in which text should be output follows
+the
+.FONT CB ".DEFINE FORMAT"
+command; following the picture should be an
+.FONT CB ".END FORMAT"
+command.
+.
+The following lines give an example:
+.
+.
+.RS
+. ft CB
+. nf
+. nh
+. nop ".DEFINE FORMAT SUMMARY L(A) F(C) C(B)"
+. nop "AAAA CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC BBBBBBB"
+. nop " CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC "
+. nop ".END FORMAT"
+. hy
+. fi
+. ft
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+The first field of text is left justified; the second is centered; the
+third is subjected to
+.I fill mode
+processing without justification.
+.
+After the first line of output is generated using this format, all
+subsequent lines are produced using the last picture 1ine.
+.
+(Strictly speaking the third line is unnecessary.)
+.
+.
+.P
+Text for formatted processing consists of a logical line (or
+paragraph).
+.
+Each field except the last must be separated by
+.IR tab .
+.
+The
+.I tab character
+is displayed here as backslash character
+.FONT R ( CB \[rs] R ).
+.
+.
+.P
+The first field of text is
+.FONT CB A R ,
+the second
+.FONT CB B R ,
+etc.
+.
+Typical input for our example might be:
+.
+.
+.RS
+.nf
+.nh
+|A\\YES\\/THIS IS SOME TEXT
+TO BE FILLED.
+.hy
+.fi
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+The characters 1n the picture lines were 1nterpreted as follows.
+.
+Contiguous sequences of letters determine the fie1d positions;
+non\-alphabetic characters are output literally.
+.
+(Note:
+.FONT CB Q.QQ
+wi11 not work, put the period
+.RB \[dq] . \[dq]
+in the text.
+.
+A sequence of characters written between double quotes is considered
+literal text.
+.
+The
+.I double quotes
+are not output, and there is no way to use
+.I double quote
+as a
+.IR literal .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Hyphenation Processing
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .HYPHENATE
+Enable
+.IR "hyphenation mode" .
+.
+This is the default when starting up.
+.
+The
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+program used a small
+.I glossary
+for splitting.
+.
+In
+.I hyphenation mode
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+would try to find a word 1n the glossary which is the same (except for
+the endings
+.FONT CB \-S R ,
+.FONT CB \-ES R ,
+.FONT CB \-ED R ,
+and
+.FONT CB \-E R )
+as the word at the end of the line of text.
+.
+When running in
+.BR groff (1)
+there are
+.I glossaries
+being much more complete than in
+.BR RUNOFF .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOHYPHEN
+Disable
+.IR "hyphenation mode" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .GLOSSARY I " word"
+This command inserts words into the
+.I glossary
+for use in
+.IR hyphenation .
+.
+Each word should have the form
+.FONT CB hy\[hy]phen\[hy]ate
+and be separated by spaces.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".HYPHENATION BREAK" I " n"
+This command set the parameter which determines the allowable number
+of spaces to te inserted in a line before
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+tried to hyphenate the last word.
+.
+Each space counts ten points.
+.
+If more than
+.I n
+points per word would have to be inserted, then
+.I hyphenation
+will be attempted.
+.
+The initial setting of this parameter is 5 (one\-half space per word).
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Margin Controls
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+There are two types of margins involved in
+.FONT CI RUNOFF R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+(1)
+The physical margins.
+.
+These are determined by the nature of the printing device.
+.
+The margins outline the area where it is physically possible to print
+characters.
+.
+.
+.TP
+(2)
+.
+The logical margins.
+.
+These can be set bv the user as he wishes.
+.
+(Limits are imposed by the physical margins.)
+.
+They are initialized for standard 8.5\[dq] by 11\[dq] printing.
+.
+.
+.P
+Commands concerning vertical and horizontal margins are:
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PAGE LAYOUT TM, EM, TOL"
+This sets the vertical logical margins and vertical tolerence.
+.
+Parameters are top margin, bottom margin and tolerance.
+.
+The tolerance is used to determine where to break between pages on
+page overflows.
+.
+If
+there is a line break within
+.I TCL lines
+of the bottom,
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+will break the page there; otherwise it will fill the page completely.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".LINE LAYOUT LM, RM, NO, CS"
+This sets the logical left and right margin, the number of columns,
+and the number of spaces to insert between columns.
+.
+These margins are used for the page headings.
+.
+To adjust the relative
+text position, use the subsequent commands.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".REDUCE MARGIN LM, RM"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".EXPAND MARGIN LM, RM"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".END REDUCTION"
+These commands enable the user to indent a certain portion of his text
+using the first command, or
+.FONT CB .UNDENT
+his text using the second command.
+.
+In either case the original margins are restored by the third command.
+.
+The use of several
+.FONT CB ".REDUCE MARGIN"
+commends before the corresponding
+.FONT CB ".END REDUCTION"
+commands succesively indents the text more, and more.
+.
+Thus these commands are 1ike brackets (i.e. recursive).
+.
+.FONT CB LM
+is added to the left logical margin and
+.FONT CB RM
+is subtracted from the right logical margin in the first command.
+.
+Just
+the opposite is done on the second command.
+.
+Negative numbers are permitted.
+.
+These commands do not effect the position of page headings.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".LAYOUT PLM, PRM, PTM, PBM, LL, LO"
+This command defines the physical margins in the followinq complex
+manner.
+.
+(It should only be used for non\-standard devices, normally this
+command should not be necessary.)
+.
+The parameters are the physical left margin (in spaces), the physical
+right margin, the physical top 1ine, the physical bottom line, the
+line lenqth, and line origin.
+.
+The first four parameters define the physical 1imits of the printing
+device.
+.
+The final two parameters define the length of the logical line and its
+origin with respect to the left edge of the paper.
+.
+Printing starts at column
+.FONT CB "LO + LM" R ,
+and ends at
+.FONT CB "LO + RM" R ,
+where
+.FONT CB LM
+and
+.FONT CB RM
+are the logical margins established by
+.FONT CB ".LINE LAYOUT" R .
+.
+When using the
+.FONT CI "facing feature"
+(see
+.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" R ),
+the logical left margin is
+.FONT CB "LL \[em] RM"
+on even pages, and the right margin is
+.
+.FONT CB "LL \[em] LM" R .
+.
+The parameters for the layout command must satisfy:
+.
+.RS
+.RS
+.nh
+.nf
+.ft CB
+.nop "min(LO + LL \[em] PLM, PRM \[em] LO) > max(PLM \[em] LO, \
+LO + LL \[em] PRM)\f[],\f[CB]"
+.nop LL > 25\f[], and \f[CB]PBM \[em] PTM > 6\f[]
+.fi
+.hy
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+This command sets
+.FONT CB LM
+to 15,
+.FONT CB RM
+to
+.FONT CB "LL \[em] 10" R ,
+.FONT CB TM
+to
+.FONT CB PTM R ,
+and
+.cb BM
+to
+.FONT CB "PBM \[em] 6" R .
+.
+(These margin settings produce the standard 1.5 inch left, and 1 inch
+right, too, and bottom margins.)
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+Initially
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+sets the margins for
+.I teletype
+output to:
+.
+.
+.RS
+.RS
+.nh
+.nf
+.ft CB
+.nop .LAYOUT 6, 89, 6, 66, 8S, 0
+.nop .LINE LAYOUT 15, 75
+.nop .FILL
+.ft
+.fi
+.hy
+.RE
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+The printer layout is:
+.
+.RS
+.RS
+.nh
+.nf
+.ft CB
+.nop ".layout 5, 137, 6, 66, 85, 15"
+.nop ".page layout 6, 60, 4"
+.ft
+.fi
+.hy
+.RE
+.RE
+.
+.P
+The logical margins must satisfy:
+.
+.RS
+.RS
+.nh
+.nf
+.ft CB
+.nop min(LL, PRM \[em] LO, LO \[em] LL \[em] PLM) >= RM >
+.nop " LM >= max(0, PLM \[em] LO, LO + LL \[em] PRM)" \f[],\f[CB]
+.nop "PBM >= BM > TM >= PTM" "\f[], and\f[CB]"
+.nop BM \[em] TM > TOL\f[].
+.fi
+.hy
+.RE
+.RE
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Paragraph Formatting
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH SPACING" I " n"
+.
+This specifies how many lines are to be inserted between paragraphs.
+.
+Initial setting = 1.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH INDENTATION" I " n"
+This specifies how many additional spaces to insert at the beginning
+of a paragraph.
+.
+Initial setting = 5.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH UNDENTATION" I " n"
+This command is the same as
+.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH INDENTATION" I " \-n" R .
+.
+That is,
+.I n
+fewer spaces are inserted at the beginning of the paragraph.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Special Line Justification and Control
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+These commands pertain to the next logical line.
+.
+The end of the line should be designated with a break.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .CENTER
+.
+Center the next line.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .INDENT I " n"
+.
+Indent the next line
+.I n
+spaces.
+.
+If
+.I n
+is not provided, 5 is assumed.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .UNDENT I " n"
+.
+Start the next line
+.I n
+spaces to the left of the normal margin.
+.
+This command is the same as
+.FONT CB .INDENT I " \-n" R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .MARGIN
+Justify the next 1ine against the right hand margin.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Heading and Paging
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .HEADER I " XXXXXXX"
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+accepts a heading to go on the first line of
+each paqe.
+.
+The heading strinq is assured to start at the first non\-blank
+character after thd control word and end at carriage return.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".HEADING MODE" I " <param>"
+.I <param>
+determines the position of the heading on the 11ne.
+.
+.I <param>
+may be any of the following.
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB CENTER
+The header will be centered on the 1ine.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB MARGIN
+The header will be adjusted against the riqht margin.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB PAGING
+On even numbered pages tne header is adjusted against the right
+margin.
+.
+On odd pages it is adjusted against the left mergin.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB OPPOSED
+The header will be adjusted against the opposite margin from the
+page numter.
+.
+This is the initial mode.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" I " <param>"
+.
+This command determines the placing of the page number.
+.
+All parameters are optional.
+.I <param>
+may be anyone or more of the following oommands.
+.
+In case of conflict the latest command wins.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB CENTER
+The page numbers are centered between the logical margins.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB MARGIN
+The page number is adjusted against the right margin.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB FACING
+On even numbered pages the number will be adjusted against the right
+margin.
+.
+On odd numbered pages tne number will be adjusted against the
+left margin.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB TOP
+Page numbers are placed on the first line.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB BOTTOM
+Page numbers are placed on the last line.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB OFF
+Printing page numbers is discontinued.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB PREFIX I " <string>"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB SECTION I " <string>"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB SUFFIX I " <string>"
+The strings of characters between quotation marks are used to form the
+page. string, which has the form:
+.
+.RS
+.I <prefix><section><page number><suffix>
+.
+.P
+Any or all of these strings mav be null.
+.
+The section string is considered to be part of the page number for
+purposes of indexing.
+.
+.RE
+.P
+Initial mode is:
+.
+.RS
+.RS
+.ft CB
+.nop ".PAGING MODE TOP MARGIN PREFIX \[dq]Page\[dq]"
+.nop ".PAGING MODE SECTION \[dq]\[dq] SUFFIX \[dq]\[dq]"
+.RE
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+If neither page number nor heading is used, the text will start on the
+first logical line.
+.
+Otherwise it will start on the fourth logical line.
+.
+If the page number is at the bottom, text will end on the fourth line
+from the bottom.
+.
+If the paging and headinq mode conflict, the page string overwrites
+the heading.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".ODD PAGE"
+This
+.FONT CI "control word"
+causes the ourrent page to be printed out and the next page to be
+started with the next higher odd number.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .PAGE I " n"
+If
+.I n
+is present, insert a page break and start numbering the next pege
+with
+.IR n .
+Otherwise, turn the
+.I paging mode
+on and do not insert a page break.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .EJECT I " n"
+Insert a page break if either there are fewer than
+.I n
+lines left on the page or
+.I n
+is not present.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Lines and Spacing
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".SINGLE SPACE"
+Sing1e space all 1ines within paragraphs.
+.
+This is the initial state.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".DOUBLE SPACE"
+Double space all lines within paragraphs.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .SPACE I " n"
+Output
+.I n
+1ine spaces.
+.
+If
+.I n
+is not provided, 1 is assumed.
+.
+In case of page overflow all remaining blank 1ines to be output are
+deleted.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".FIGURE SPACING" I " n"
+This command is equivalent to
+.FONT CB .EJECT I " n"
+followed by
+.FONT CB .SPACE
+.IR n .
+.
+These commands provide the only means of creatinq blank 11nes.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .BREAK
+The lines before and after this command will not be run together in
+.IR "fill mode" .
+.
+A simpler way to get a line break is to insert one or more blank lines
+in the text.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".BEGIN GROUP"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".END GROUP"
+The output lines enclosed between these two commands are forced to lie
+on a page.
+.
+Thus this command acts in a manner similar to
+.FONT CB .EJECT I " n" R ,
+where
+.I n
+has the 'right' value.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Miscellanous
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .UNDERLINE
+The following 1ine is underlined.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .LITERAL
+The next line is taken as part of text whether or not
+it begins with dot.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .ESCAPE I <char>
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .SHIFT I <char>
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".TAB CHARACTER" I <char>
+The given character becomes the
+.IR escape ,
+.IR shift ,
+or
+.I tab
+character.
+.
+The parameter for the
+.FONT CB .SHIFT
+and
+.FONT CB ".TAB CHARACTER"
+commands may be null, if no
+.I shift
+or
+.I tab
+character is desired.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".DEFINE COMMAND" I " <name>"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".END COMMAND"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .CALL I " <name>"
+These commands give the user the opportunity to combine text and
+control lines to form his own commands.
+.
+All text and command lines between the first and second commands is
+stored away under
+.IR name .
+.
+When the third command is executed, the stored string is read and the
+commands within the string are executed.
+.
+Recursion is not permitted.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .INDEX I " <phrase>, <phrase>"
+.
+.FONT CB RUNOfF
+saves the first phrase in the main index table and the second phrase
+(if any) in a sub\-index table associated with the first phrase.
+.
+.RS
+.
+The index is formatted and output after the last page of text.
+.
+Two built\-in but redefinable formats,
+.FONT CI RINDEX
+and
+.FONT CI SINDEX R ,
+are used to format the index as shown in the following example.
+.
+.RS
+.nh
+.nf
+.FONT CB "Algorithms, 40, 78," R " \[rs]\[dq] uses " I RINDEX
+.FONT CB " analysis of, 27, " R " \[rs]\[dq] uses " I SINDEX
+.fi
+.hy
+.RE
+.
+.
+The following lines give the initial definitions for the indexing
+formats.
+.
+.
+.RS
+.nh
+.nf
+.ft CB
+.nop ".define format RINDEX f(A)"
+.nop "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA"
+.nop " AAAAAAAAAAIAAAAAAAAAAAA"
+.nop ".end format"
+.nop ".define format SINDEX f(A)"
+.nop " AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA"
+.nop " AAAAAAAAAAIAAAAAAAAAAAA"
+.nop ".end format"
+.ft
+.fi
+.hy
+.RE
+.
+.
+In order to get an index output in two columns,
+.RS
+.P
+.FONT CB ".LINE LAYOUT 15, 75, 2, 4"
+.P
+should be the last line of the input.
+.RE
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH RUNOFF DOCUMENTATION 1974
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+This document is the best documentation about text lines.
+.
+Parts of that is used in the document of 1981.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Command Lines
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+All lines beginning with a period (dot) are
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+command lines.
+.
+All other lines are text lines.
+.
+.
+.P
+A command line consists of a period, following by a command, which can
+consist of one or more words, or a 2- or 3-letter abbreviation,
+followed by 0 or 1 or more arguments.
+.
+This can be followed by a comment, which is preceeded by an
+exclamation point (bang character)
+.FONT CB ! R .
+.
+In ancient
+.FONT CI RUNOFF R ,
+The comment didn't need to be preceeded.
+.
+.
+.P
+In this document, several command or text lines can be appended into a
+multiple line if these parts are separated by a semi-colon
+.FONT CB ; R .
+.
+If 2 commands are appended, the semi-colon may be omitted, because the
+period is a sufficient separator.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Text Lines
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.P
+There are 2 modes of text line structures:
+.
+.
+.TP
+.I ancient style
+This is the original style.
+.
+Due to very old hardware, there were only input methods for upper case
+characters.
+.
+But typewriters and printers were able to use both upper and lower case.
+.
+So the text lines are all in upper case with special characters that
+are case-shifters for the printing.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.I newer style
+By better hardware, it was possible to use input methods with both
+upper and lower case.
+.
+Here the text lines are like those in later
+.FONT CI roff
+and
+.FONT CI groff
+mode.
+.
+.
+.P
+This paragraph describes only the
+.I ancient style
+of text lines.
+.
+.
+.P
+This text is filled and justified such as with the later
+.FONT CI roff
+language.
+.
+Just as in
+.FONT CI roff R ,
+the filling, justification, and line break can be turned on or off by
+commands.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Case Changing of Text Lines
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+In this section, the specification of case for files prepared on an
+upper case terminal is documented.
+.
+There are special characters that in printing act as case-shifters for
+ASCII characters into lower (ASCII code 97 to 122 decimal) or upper
+case (ASCII code 65 to 90 decimal).
+.
+.
+.P
+The lower case mode seems to be the default mode.
+.
+Also, according to existing old
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+files, each text line starts with this default mode.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "single circumflex " CB ^
+The following ASCII character is shifted into upper case.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "single back\-slash " CB \[rs]
+The following ASCII character is shifted into lower case.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "double circumflex " CB ^^
+The case mode is shifted into upper case.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "double back\-slash " CB \[rs]\[rs]
+The case mode is shifted into lower case.
+.
+.
+.P
+A common example with starting mode in lower case for these 4 special
+characters is:
+.
+.P
+.RS
+^HERE IS A ^SAMPLE ^SENTENCE IN ^^UPPER CASE\\ AND LOWER CASE.
+.RE
+.
+.P
+is printed as:
+.
+.RS
+Here is a Sample Sentence in UPPER CASE and lower case.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Further special Characters in Text Lines
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "ampersand " CB &
+This is used for underscoring the next following character.
+.
+For example:
+.
+.RS
+.P
+.RS
+&s&o&f&t&w&a&r&e
+.RE
+.
+.P
+becomes:
+.RS
+.UL software
+.RE
+.
+.P
+in the output or printing.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI "circumflex and ampersand " CB ^&
+This is used for underscoring all following characters except for
+blanks.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH RUNOFF ADDITIONS 1981
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Source File Format
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The source file contains the textual material which will appear on the
+final copy, plus information to specify formatting.
+.
+Most importantly, upper and lower case information also may be
+supplied so that copy can be prepared on the terminal or other such
+device which can input only upper case letters.
+.
+All command information consists of regular
+.FONT CI ASCII
+printing characters so that a listing of the source file may be
+examined if the final copy is not exactly as desired.
+.
+.
+.P
+All material in the source file is taken to be source text except
+those lines beginning with a period.
+.
+A line beginning with a period is assumed to be a command, and must
+match one of those listed below.
+.
+The commands provide the formatting information, and control various
+optional modes of operation.
+.
+.
+.P
+Usually the text is
+.I filled
+and
+.I justified
+as it is processed.
+.
+That is, the program
+.I fills
+a line by adding successive words from the source text until one more
+word would cause the right margin to be exceeded.
+.
+The line is then
+.I justified
+by making the word spacings larger until the last word in the line
+exactly meets the right margin.
+.
+.
+.P
+The user may occasionally wish to reproduce the source text exactly,
+which is done by disabling
+.I filling
+and
+.I justification
+or by use of the
+.FONT CR .LITERAL
+command.
+.
+The program may be set to
+.I fill
+but not
+.IR justify ,
+in which case the output will be normal except that lines will not be
+justified to the right margin.
+.
+The program may also be set to
+.I justify
+but not
+.IR fill ,
+although this would probably produce peculiar results and is not
+recommended.
+.
+.
+.P
+When the
+.I fill mode
+is on, spaces and carriage returns occurring in the source text are
+treated only as word separators.
+.
+Multiple separators are ignored.
+.
+.
+.P
+Some of the commands cause a BREAK in the output.
+.
+A
+.I break
+means that the current line is output without justification, and the
+next word goes at the beginning of the next line.
+.
+This occurs at the end of paragraphs.
+.
+.
+.P
+The program will advance to new pages as necessary, placing the title
+(if given) and the page number at the top of each page.
+.
+The user may call explicitly for a
+.I page advance
+where desired, and may inhibit the occurrence of a
+.I page advance
+within specified material.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Case Information of Text Lines
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The information in this section documents the style of the text lines
+that could only be upper case in the ancient
+.FONT CI CTSS
+computers of the early 1960s..
+.
+It seems as if this section documents the old
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+style.
+.
+.
+.P
+Specification of
+.I case
+for files prepared on the terminal is done with two characters,
+circumflex
+.FONT R ( CB ^ R , CI " 136 octal" R ),
+and
+.FONT CR back\-slash R " (" CB \[rs] R , CI " 134 octal" R ).
+The appearance of a circumflex causes the letter immediately following
+to be transmitted in upper case.
+.
+The appearance of a
+.FONT CR back\-slash
+causes the letter immediately following to be converted to lower case.
+.
+Any letter not preceded by one of these characters is transmitted in
+the current mode.
+.
+.
+.P
+The mode is initially
+.I "upper case"
+.FONT CB (wrong!) R .
+.
+(The initial mode seems to be
+.IR "lower case" .
+.
+That's the style used by the available
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+files in the PDP-10 archive and by the example below.
+.
+And each newline seems to switch back to the initial mode, well:
+.IR "lower case" ).
+.
+.
+.P
+The mode is changed by the occurrance of two successive
+.I case
+control characters.
+.
+Two
+.FONT CR circumflexes
+.FONT CB ^^
+cause the mode to be set to
+.IR "upper case" ,
+and two
+.FONT CR back\-slashes
+.FONT CB "\[rs]\[rs]"
+cause the mode to be set to
+.IR "lower case" .
+.
+.
+.P
+The use of the above corresponds to the use of the
+.FONT CR shift
+and
+.FONT CR shift\-lock
+keys on a typewriter.
+.
+Usually, typing appears in
+.IR "lower case" .
+To type one letter in
+.IR "upper case" ,
+the
+.FONT CR shift
+.I key
+is used.
+.
+The
+.FONT CR shift\-lock
+is set to type a series of
+.IR "upper case letters" ,
+after which it is released.
+.
+.
+.P
+The following shows the uses of the case control characters:
+.EX
+^HERE IS A ^SAMPLE ^SENTENCE IN ^^UPPER CASE\[rs]\[rs] AND LOWER CASE.
+.EE
+becomes:
+.EX
+Here is a Sample Sentence in UPPER CASE and lower case.
+.EE
+.
+.
+.RS
+.P
+.ce
+NOTE
+.
+.P
+Case conversion takes place only on
+.FONT CI ASCII
+.I " codes"
+.FONT CR 101
+to
+.FONT CR "132 octal" R ,
+that is, the
+.I upper case
+letters.
+.
+Any actual
+.I lower case
+letters (codes
+.FONT CR 141
+to
+.FONT CR "172 octal" R )
+appearing in the source will be transmitted unchanged.
+.
+If the source is prepared on a device such as a
+.FONT CI DECwriter
+or model
+.FONT CI "37 Teletype"
+which produce letters of the proper
+.IR case ,
+the mode should be set to
+.I upper case
+at the beginning of the file and left unchanged for the remainder.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+An additional character,
+.FONT CR less\-than
+.FONT R ( CR < R ,
+.FONT CR "074 octal" R ),
+capitalizes the entire word it precedes.
+.
+It then returns the file to the current
+.IR case .
+.
+This character is not engaged unless preceded by the
+.nh
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE"
+.hy
+.IR command .
+.
+Similarly, the
+.nh
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE"
+.hy
+.I command
+engages the special character
+.FONT CR equals
+.FONT R ( CB = R , CR "075 octal" R ),
+which causes
+.I hyphenization
+to be suspended for the word it precedes.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Special Characters
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB & CI " Ampersand " CR Underscoring
+The character
+.FONT CI ampersand
+.FONT R ( CB & R ,
+.FONT CR "046 octal" R )
+is used to specify
+.UL underscoring .
+.
+The
+.FONT CI ampersand
+will cause the character following it to be
+.IR underscored ,
+e.g.
+.FONT CB &f&o&o
+becomes
+.UL \f[CB]foo\f[] .
+.
+.
+.P
+Underlining of a string of characters can also be specified in a
+manner similar to that of the
+.CI shift lock
+operations described above.
+;
+An appearance of
+.FONT CI ampersand
+preceded by
+.FONT CI circumflex
+.FONT CB ^&
+will cause underlining of all following characters except space.
+.
+An appearance of
+.CI ampersand
+preceded by
+.CI back\-slash
+.FONT CB \[rs]&
+will disable this mode.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB # CR " Number Sign " I "Explicit space"
+It is occasionally necessary to include
+.I spaces
+in the text which should not be treated as
+.IR "word separators" .
+.
+For this purpose,
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+treats the
+.I number\-sign
+character
+.FONT R ( CB # R ,
+.FONT CR "043 octal" R )
+as a
+.IR "quoted space" ;
+i.e. it will print as exactly one
+.I space
+in the output, will never be expanded nor changed to a
+.IR "carriage return" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB _ CR " Underline " I "Quote next character"
+To allow the appearance of the
+.I special characters
+.FONT R ( CI ampersand
+used as a
+.IR "quote character" .
+.
+The character immediately following an
+.FONT CR underscore
+will be transmitted to the output with no formatting effect.
+.
+The
+.FONT CR underscore
+itself is thus another
+.IR "case requiring quoting" .
+.
+The following five cases occur:
+.FONT CB _& R ,
+.FONT CB _^ R ,
+.FONT CB _\[rs] R ,
+.FONT CB __ R ,
+.FONT CB _# R ,
+.FONT CB _{ R ,
+.FONT CB _} R ,
+and
+.FONT CB _| R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ^ CI " Circumflex " I "Upper\-case shift or mode lock"
+As described above, the
+.FONT CI circumflex
+character
+.FONT CB ^
+is used to convert the letter following to
+.IR upper\-case .
+It is also used to lock the
+.I case mode
+in
+.IR "upper case" ,
+and the
+.I underline mode
+to
+.UL "underline all text" .
+.
+If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded by the
+.I quote character
+.FONT CB _^ R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CR \[rs] CI " back\-slash " I "lower\-case shift or mode unlock"
+As described above, the
+.FONT CI back\-slash
+character
+.FONT CB \[rs]
+is used to output the letter following in
+.IR lower\-case .
+.
+It is also used to lock the
+.I case mode
+in
+.IR lower\-case ,
+and to disable
+.IR underlining .
+.
+If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded by the
+.I quote
+character
+.FONT CB _\[rs] R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB < CI " less\-than " I "Capitalize next word"
+If
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE"
+has been engaged, the
+.FONT CI less\-than
+character
+.FONT CB <
+is a special character used to capitalize the entire word it precedes.
+.
+If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded by the
+.I quote
+character
+.FONT CB _< R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB = CR " equals\-sign " I "hypenation disable"
+If
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE"
+has been engaged, the
+.I equals
+character
+.FONT CB =
+used to disable
+.I hyphenation
+for the word it preceds.
+.
+If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded by the
+.I quote
+character
+.FONT CB _= R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB { CR " left\-brace " I "Reverse half\-linefeed"
+If the output device type is no
+.FONT CB N R ,
+then the
+.I left
+and
+.I right braces
+are used for
+.I superscripting
+and
+.IR subscripting .
+.
+The
+.I left\-brace
+.FONT R ( CB { CR " 173 octal" R )
+produces a
+.IR "reverse half\-linefeed" .
+When combined with the
+.I right brace
+.FONT R ( CB } CR " 175 octal" R )
+scripting is created; e.g.
+.FONT CB {super}
+becomes
+.FONT CB {super} R ,
+and
+.FONT CB }sub{
+becomes
+.FONT CB }sub{ R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB } CR " right\-brace " I "forward half\-linefeed"
+As described above, the
+.I right brace
+.FONT R ( CB } CR " 175 octal" R )
+when coupled with the
+.I left brace
+will produce scripting.
+.
+This will only occur when a scripting output device is selected.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB | CR " vertical\-bar " I "Engage/disengage alternate character set"
+The
+.I vertical bar
+.FONT R ( CB | R , CR " 174 octal" R )
+acts as an on/off switch.
+.
+It will alternatly transmit a
+.I shift\-out
+and a
+.I shift\-in
+character to change the selected character set; e.g.
+.FONT CB |ABC|
+becomes
+.FONT CI Ctrl\-N CB ABC CI Ctrl\-O R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CI Ctrl\-N CR " Control-N " I "enchacement on/off; red/black ribbon"
+If an
+.I Anderson-Jacobson output device
+is selected, a
+.FONT CI Control\-N
+.FONT R ( CI Ctrl\-N R ,
+.FONT CR "016 octal" R )
+will alternatly engage and disengage the print enchancement; e.g.
+.FONT CB NFOO CI Ctrl\-N
+becomes
+.FONT CB FOO R .
+.
+.
+.P
+If a
+.I Diablo output device
+is selected, a
+.FONT CI Control\-N
+will alternatly select the red and black ribbon color; e.g.
+.FONT CB NFOO CI Ctrl\-N
+becomes
+.FONT CB FOO R .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Special Characters Overview
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.P
+Below is a list of
+.FONT CI RUNOFF R 's
+special characters.
+.
+To appear in the text, each must be preceded by the
+.CI underscore
+character (itself a special character).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ^
+shift character for upper case
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB \[rs]
+shift character for lower case
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB <
+flag character for upper case.
+.
+Only becomes a special character if
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE"
+is engaged.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB #
+quoted space character
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB =
+flag character for disabling hyphenation.
+.
+Only becomes a
+.I special character
+if
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE"
+is engaged.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB &
+.FONT CR underscore
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB _
+.I quote special character
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB {
+.I reverse half\-linefeed
+for scripting
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB }
+.I forward half\-linefeed
+for scripting
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB |
+switch on/off the
+.I alternate character set
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ^n
+switch on/off the print enchancement or switch to the red/black ribbon
+color
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS RUNOFF Commands
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+The following
+.I commands
+will be recognized if they are at the beginning of a line started with
+a period.
+.
+Any line in the source file beginning with a period is assumed to be
+one of these
+.IR commands .
+.
+If it is not, an
+.I error diagnostic
+will be typed and the line will be ignored.
+.
+Some
+.I commands
+take one or more decimal numeric arguments.
+.
+These are separated from the
+.I command
+by a
+.FONT CR space R .
+.
+More than one
+.I command
+may be entered on a single line by separating the
+.I commands
+with a
+.FONT CI semicolon
+.FONT R ` CB ; R '
+or a
+.FONT CI period
+.FONT R ` CB . R '.
+.
+.
+.P
+.I Multi\-word commands
+may appear in any form.
+.
+Thus,
+.FONT CB ".NO HEADER"
+and
+.FONT CB .NOHEADER
+are both legal.
+.
+.
+.P
+Many
+.I commands
+may be abbreviated.
+.
+Standard
+.I abbreviations
+are given below each
+.IR command .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Text Formatting Commands
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .BREAK
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .BR
+causes a
+.IR break ,
+i.e. the current line will be output with no
+.IR justification ,
+and the next word of the source text will be placed at the beginning
+of the next line.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .SKIP CI " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .SK CI " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .S CI " n"
+causes a BREAK after which
+.CI n
+is multiplied by the number of
+.I spaces
+between lines.
+.
+The result is the number of lines
+.IR skipped .
+.
+Output is advanced to the top of the next page if there is no room on
+the current page.
+.
+If the current page is empty,
+.FONT CB .SKIP
+does nothing.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .BLANK I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .B I " n"
+causes the current line to be output with no
+.IR justification ,
+skips
+.FONT CI n
+line spaces, and then starts output of the current source text.
+.
+.FONT CB .BLANK
+is like
+.FONT CB .SKIP R ,
+except that the
+.I space
+to be left is independent of line spacing.
+.
+If the page is empty,
+.FONT CB .BLANK
+does nothing.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .FIGURE I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .FG I " n"
+leaves
+.I n
+lines blank to make room for a figure or diagram.
+.
+If fewer than
+.I n
+lines remain on the current page, text continues to
+.I fill
+this page, then the page is advanced and
+.I n
+blank lines are left at the top of the next page.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .INDENT I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .I I " n"
+causes a
+.CI break
+and sets the next line to begin
+.I n
+spaces to the right of the left margin.
+.
+The
+.I n
+can be negative to allow beginning a line to the left of the left
+margin.
+.
+However, a line cannot begin to the left of column 0.
+.
+If
+.I n
+is not supplied, the current paragraph indent is used.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .PARAGRAPH I " n, v, t"
+.FONT CB .P I " n, v, t"
+causes a
+.I break
+and formats the output paragraphs.
+.
+The
+.I n
+is optional and, if present, sets the number of spaces the paragraph
+is to be indented.
+.
+The default value for
+.I n
+is
+.FONT CB 5
+.RI ( n
+can also have a negative value).
+.
+.I v
+is the vertical spacing between paragraphs.
+.
+.I v
+can range from
+.FONT CB 0
+to
+.FONT CB 5 R .
+.
+.FONT R ( CB 1
+is
+.IR "single spacing" ,
+.FONT CB 2
+is
+.IR "double spacing" ,
+etc.)
+.
+.I t
+causes an automatic
+.FONT CI ".TEST PAGE"
+(see the
+.FONT CB ".TEST PAGE"
+.IR command ).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .CENTER I " n" CB ; I text
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .CENTRE I " n" CB ; I text
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .C I " n" CB ; I text
+causes a
+.I break
+and centers the following text in the source file.
+.
+The centering is over column
+.FONT CB ( I n CB " + " I "left margin" CB )/2 R .
+If
+.I n
+is not given, it is assumed to be the
+.
+.IR "right margin" .
+.
+.
+.RS
+.P
+.ce
+NOTE
+.
+.P
+.FONT CB CENTER R ,
+.FONT CB "RIGHT MARGIN" R ,
+.FONT CB "LEFT MARGIN" R ,
+.FONT CB "PAGE SIZE" R ,
+and
+.FONT CB STANDARD
+take both relative and absolute values.
+.
+Relative values are expressed as
+.FONT CB + I n
+or
+.FONT CB \- I n R ,
+while absolute values of
+.I n
+are unsigned.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .FOOTNOTE I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .FN I " n"
+saves
+.I n
+lines at the bottom of the current page for a
+.IR footnote .
+.
+The
+.I n
+is multiplied by the number of spaces set with the
+.FONT CB .SPACING
+command.
+.
+If insufficient room remains on the current page, space is allocated
+at the bottom of the following page.
+.
+The text of the
+.I footnote
+should begin on the line following the
+.FONT CB .FOOTNOTE
+command.
+.
+.IR Indentation ,
+.IR "case lock" ,
+.IR justify ,
+.IR margins ,
+.IR spacing ,
+and
+.I fill
+are preserved around footnotes.
+.
+However,
+.I commands
+that affect page formatting are illegal in a
+.IR footnote .
+.
+.I Tab stops
+are illegal because they are not preserved.
+.
+A footnote within a footnote is also illegal.
+.
+.
+.P
+The actual space taken by a footnote can be more or less than
+specified by
+.IR n .
+If necessary
+.FONT CR adjust
+.I n
+after examining a draft printout.
+.
+.
+.P
+The
+.I footnote
+is terminated with a line beginning with an exclamation point (the
+remainder of which is ignored).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOTE I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NT I " text"
+starts an
+.IR "indented note" .
+.
+This command
+.I blanks
+.FONT CB 2 R ,
+reduces both
+.IR margins ,
+.I centers
+the text (if no text is given, it centers the word
+.FONT CB NOTE R ),
+and then
+.I blanks
+.FONT CB 1 R .
+.
+At this point you enter the text of the
+.IR note .
+.
+If the left margin is at
+.FONT CB 0 R ,
+the
+.I margin reduction
+is
+.FONT CB 15 R ,
+otherwise it is
+.FONT CB 5 R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".END NOTE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .EN
+terminates the
+.FONT CB .NOTE
+command,
+.I blanks
+.CONT CB 2 R ,
+and reverts the margins and spacing modes to their settings before the
+last
+.FONT CB .NOTE
+command.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .LIST I " n"
+.FONT CB .LS I " n"
+starts an indented list with
+.I n
+spacing, moves the left margin
+.FONT CB 9
+spaces to the right for the first
+.FONT CB .LIST
+command, and
+.FONT CB 4
+more spaces for each subsequent nested
+.FONT CB .LIST R .
+.
+The normal
+.I fill
+and
+.I justify modes
+remain in effect.
+.
+Therefore, you must disengage them just after the
+.FONT CB .LS
+command if you want a ragged right.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".LIST ELEMENT;" I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .LE; I " text"
+starts an item in the list, used in conjunction with the
+.FONT CB LIST
+comand.
+.
+The elements are numbered sequentially and the number is given a
+negative indent so that the list lines up.
+.
+The number is followed by a
+.I period
+and two
+.I spaces
+so that the indent will be by
+.FONT CB \-4 R .
+.
+The
+.I list elements
+are separated by the standard paragraph spacing and
+.FONT CI "TEST PAGE" R .
+.
+If you want to type the text on the same line as the command, you must
+separate the text from the command with any number of intervening
+.I spaces
+or
+.IR tabs ,
+or (optionally) one
+.IR semicolon .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".END LIST"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .ELS
+terminates the
+.FONT CB .LIST
+command and returns to settings before the last
+.FONT CB .LIST
+command.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .COMMENT I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .; I " text"
+causes the line to be ignored.
+.
+The text is not printed in the output file, but rather is used as a
+.I comment
+line in the source text.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Page Formatting Commands
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .PAGE
+.FONT CB .PG
+causes a
+.I break
+and an
+.I advance
+to a new page.
+.
+If the current page is empty, this
+.I command
+does not
+.I advance
+the page.
+.
+Just like an
+.IR "automatic page advance" ,
+this
+.I command
+prints the
+.I title
+(if given) and
+.I page numbers
+on every page.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".TEST PAGE" I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .TP I " n"
+causes a
+.I break
+followed by a
+.IR "conditional page advance" .
+.
+It skips to the next page if fewer than
+.I n
+lines are left on the page.
+.
+This capability is to ensure that the following
+.I n
+lines are all output on the same page.
+.
+This
+.I command
+has the form
+.I t
+as an optional argument to the
+.FONT CB .PARAGRAPH
+command.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NUMBER I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NM I " n"
+starts page numbering.
+.
+This is the default so there is no reason to issue this command unless
+page numbering is disengaged.
+.
+If
+.I resumption
+of page numbering is desired at a certain page, specify
+.IR n .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NONUMBER
+.FONT CB .NNM
+disengages page numbering.
+.
+However, pages continue to be counted, so that the normal page number
+can appear if page numbering is re\-entered with the
+.FONT CB .NUMBER
+command.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .CHAPTER I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .CH I " text"
+starts a new chapter using the text as the title of the chapter.
+.
+This
+.I command
+acts as if the following
+.I command string
+were entered:
+.
+.
+.P
+.EX
+.nop ".BREAK;.PAGE;.BLANK 12;.CENTER;CHAPTER n"
+.EE
+.P
+The
+.I n
+is incremented by
+.FONT CB 1
+automatically.
+.
+After the CHAPTER
+.I n
+is typed on the page,
+.
+.
+.P
+.EX
+.nop .BLANK 2;.CENTER;text;.BLANK 3
+.EE
+.P
+occurs.
+.
+This
+.I command
+then resets the
+.IR case ,
+.IR margins ,
+.IR spacing ,
+and
+.IR "justify/fill modes" .
+.
+It also clears any
+.I subtitles
+and sets the
+.I chapter name
+as the
+.IR title .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER " I " n"
+supplies a number
+.I n
+to be used in a subsequent
+.FONT CB .CHAPTER
+command.
+.
+.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER"
+would be used when a
+.I chapter
+of a document occupies a source file of its own.
+.
+In such a case,
+.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER"
+would be the first command of the source file.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".HEADER LEVEL" I " n text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .HL I " n text"
+starts a section at the level specified and takes the following text
+as the header.
+.
+.I n
+can range from
+.FONT CB 1
+to
+.FONT CB 5 R .
+.
+The sections are incremented by
+.FONT CB 1
+automatically, and the number is output in the form
+.FONT I i CB . I j CB . I k CB . I l CB . I m R .
+If this is a chapter oriented document, the
+.I i
+is the chapter number.
+.
+Otherwise, it is the number of the
+.FONT CB ".HL 1"
+level.
+.
+This command acts as a
+.
+.P
+.EX
+.FONT CB ".BREAK;.TEST PAGE 9;.BLANK 3"
+.EE
+.
+.P
+followed by the
+.IR "section number" ,
+two
+.IR spaces ,
+and the
+.IR "section name" .
+.
+.FONT CI "HEADER LEVELS " CB 1
+and
+.FONT CB 2
+end with a
+.IR break .
+.FONT CI "HEADER LEVELS"
+.FONT CB 3 R ", " CB 4 R ,
+and
+.FONT CB 5
+end with a space\-dash\-space combination (#\-#).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .TITLE I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .T I " text"
+takes the remaining text as the title and outputs it on every page at
+line
+.FONT CB 0 R .
+.
+The default is no title.
+.
+If a
+.I title
+is desired, this
+.I command
+must be entered in the source file.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".FIRST TITLE" I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".FT" I " text"
+Same as
+.FONT CB .TITLE R ,
+but used to specify the title to be printed on the first page of the
+document.
+.
+This command must precede all text in the source file.
+.
+Use of the
+.FONT CB ".FIRST TITLE"
+command is the only way to print a title line on the first page of the
+document.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .SUBTITLE I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .SUBTTL I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .ST I " text"
+takes the remaining text as the
+.I subtitle
+and outputs it on every page.
+.
+It appears directly under the title.
+.
+The
+.I subtitle
+is not
+.IR indented ,
+but
+.I indentation
+can be achieved by typing leading spaces.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .INDEX I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .X I " text"
+takes the remaining text on the line as a keyword and adds it, along
+with the current
+.IR "page number" ,
+to the internal index buffer.
+.
+The command does not cause a
+.IR break .
+.
+It should appear immediately before the item to be
+.IR indexed .
+.
+A keyword may be
+.I indexed
+more than once.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".DO INDEX" I " text"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".DX" I " text"
+forces a new page, centers the text, if given, otherwise it centers
+the word
+.FONT CI "INDEX" R .
+.
+This command prints the entire contents of the index buffer.
+.
+Entries are printed in alphabetic order and are set against the left
+margin.
+.
+Regular line spacing is used, except that a blank line is left between
+entries of different first letters.
+.
+The page number of each entry is placed on the same line as the entry
+and in the middle of the page.
+.
+Additional page numbers for multiple entries follow, separated by
+commas.
+.
+The index buffer is left empty.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".PX"
+forces a new page after which it prints the entire contents of the
+index buffer.
+.
+Entries are printed in alphabetical order and are set against the left
+margin.
+.
+Regular line spacing is used, except that a blank line is left between
+entries of different first letters.
+.
+The number of the first page on which each entry appeared is put on
+the same line as the entry, beginning at the middle of the line
+(midway betweeen the left and right margins).
+.
+Additional page numbers for multiple entries follow, separated by
+commas.
+.
+The index buffer is left empty.
+.
+.
+.P
+.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX"
+and
+.FONT CB ".DO INDEX"
+perform the same task.
+.
+The only difference is that
+.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX"
+does not interrupt the normal chapter and page sequencing.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .SUBPAGE
+executes a
+.FONT CB .PAGE
+with page numbering suspended.
+.
+The page number is unchanged, but letters are appended to the page
+number.
+.
+This permits insertion of additional pages within an existing document
+without changing the existing page numbering.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".END SUBPAGE"
+disengages the
+.FONT CB .SUBPAGE
+command by executing a
+.FONT CB .PAGE
+command with page numbering resumed.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .APPENDIX I " text"
+.TP
+.FONT CB .AX I " text"
+starts a new appendix using the text as the title of the appendix.
+.
+This command acts as if the following command string were entered:
+.
+.RS
+.P
+.EX
+.nop ".BREAK;.PAGE;.BLANK 12;.CENTER;APPENDIX a"
+.EE
+.RE
+.P
+The a is a letter that is incremented alphabetically automatically.
+.
+After the
+.FONT CB "APPENDIX A"
+is typed on the page,
+.
+.RS
+.P
+.EX
+.nop .BLANK 2;.CENTER;text;.BLANK 3
+.EE
+.RE
+.
+.P
+occurs.
+.
+This command then resets the
+.IR case ,
+.IR margins ,
+.IR spacing ,
+and
+.IR justify/fill
+modes.
+.
+It also clears any subtitles and sets the appendix name as the title.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".NUMBER APPENDIX" I " a"
+supplies a letter
+.I a
+to be used as the letter for a subsequent
+.FONT CB .APPENDIX
+command.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .HEADER I " arg"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .HD I " arg"
+causes the page header
+.RI ( title ,
+.IR subtitle ,
+and
+.IR "page number" )
+to be printed.
+.
+.I arg should be
+.FONT CB UPPER
+to specify
+.I upper case characters
+for the title text,
+.FONT CB LOWER
+to specify
+.IR "lower case" ,
+or
+.FONT CB MIXED R .
+.
+The initial setting is
+.FONT CB ".HEADER UPPER" R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOHEADER
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NHD
+causes the page header
+.RI ( title ,
+.IR subtitle ,
+and
+.IR "page number" )
+to be omitted.
+.
+The header lines are completely omitted, so that text begins at the
+top of the page with no
+.IR "top margin" .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Mode Setting Commands
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .JUSTIFY
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .J
+causes a break and sets subsequent output lines to be justified
+(initial setting).
+.
+The
+.I command
+increases the spaces between words until the last word exactly meets
+the right margin.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOJUSTIFY
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NJ
+causes a
+.I break
+and prevents
+.I justification
+of subsequent output lines to make a ragged right margin.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .FILL
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .F
+causes a break and specifies that subsequent output lines be filled
+(inital setting).
+.
+Sets the justification mode to be that specified by the last
+appearance of
+.FONT CB .JUSTIFY
+or
+.FONT CB NOJUSTIFY R .
+.
+.FONT CB .FILL
+adds successive words from the source text until the adding of one
+more word will exceed the right margin.
+.
+It stops before putting the last word in.
+.
+(If
+.I hyphenation
+has not been disabled,
+.FONT CB RNO
+will attempt to
+.I break
+words which cause line overflow into syllables.)
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOFILL
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NF
+disengages the
+.I fill
+and
+.IR "justify modes" .
+.
+This
+.I command
+is used to permit typing a table.
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.P
+.ce
+NOTE
+.
+.P
+1. The
+.I nofill\-nojustify mode
+need be used only where there are several lines of material to be
+copied exactly.
+.
+A single line example will not require using these commands if there
+are breaks before and after.
+.
+.
+.P
+2. Normally
+.FONT CB .FILL
+and
+.FONT CB NOFILL
+are used to turn both
+.I filling
+and
+.I justification
+on and off.
+.
+It is usually desirable to do both.
+.
+A subsequent appearance of a
+.I justification command
+will override the
+.I fill command
+however.
+.
+.
+.P
+3. Because of the action of
+.FONT CB .FILL R ,
+a single occurrance of
+.FONT CB NOJUSTIFY
+will cause the remainder of the file to be
+.IR unjustified ,
+with
+.I filling
+as specified.
+.
+In order to
+.I justify
+but
+.I not fill
+(not recommended), a
+.FONT CB .JUSTIFY
+command must follow every
+.FONT CB .NOFILL
+command.
+.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".UPPER CASE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .UC
+sets the output mode to
+.IR "upper case" .
+.
+This comand acts the same as typing two
+.CI circumflexes
+.FONT CB ^^ R .
+.
+This is the default mode.
+.
+There is no need to type this command unless the mode was previously
+altered to
+.IR "lower case" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".LOWER CASE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .LC
+sets the typeout mode to
+.IR "lower case" .
+This command acts the same as typing two
+.I back\-slashes
+.FONT CB \[rs]\[rs] R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".FL CAPITALIZE"
+enables the
+.CI less\-than
+.FONT CB <
+character to
+.I capitalize
+the entire word it precedes.
+.
+It then returns the file to the current case mode.
+.
+This
+.I special character
+is usually
+.FONT CR off
+and must be typed at the very beginning of the source text to enable
+this character.
+.
+Typing a space or another
+.FONT CI "less\-than " CB <
+returns the file to the current
+.IR "case lock" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NFC
+disengages the
+.FONT CB "FLAG CAPITALIZE"
+command (inital setting).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .HYPHENATION
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .HY
+engages
+.I hyphenization
+(initial setting).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".NO HYPHENATION"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NHY
+disengages
+IR hyphenization .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".FL HYPHENATE"
+enables the
+.I equals character
+.FONT CB =
+to disengage
+.I hyphenization
+for the word it precedes.
+.
+This
+.I special character
+is initially
+.FONT CR off
+and must be typed at the beginning of the source file to enable this
+character.
+.
+The
+.FONT CI "FLAGS HYPHENATE"
+.I character
+is used to disengage
+.I hyphenization
+for words improperly
+.I hyphenated
+by the
+.IR "hyphenization algorithm" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS HYPHENATE"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NFH
+disengages the
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE"
+command (initial setting).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NFL
+disengages the
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE"
+and the
+.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE"
+commands (initial setting).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .PERIOD
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .PR
+enables printing of two
+.I spaces
+after every
+.I period
+.FONT CB .
+that is followed by at least one
+.I separator character
+(initial setting).
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOPERIOD
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NPR
+disengages conversion of
+.I period/separator
+to
+.IR "period/two spaces" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .LITERAL
+.TQ
+,FONT CB .LIT
+disengages
+.I fill/justify
+to permit printing of text exactly as entered in source file.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".END LITERAL"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .ELI
+used after
+.FONT CB .LITERAL
+command to re\-engage
+.IR fill/justify .
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Parameter Setting Commands
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".LEFT MARGIN" I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .LM I " n"
+sets the left margin to
+.IR n .
+.
+The
+.I n
+must be less than the right margin but not less than
+.FONT CB 0 R .
+The initial setting is
+.FONT CB 0 R .
+If
+.I n
+is not supplied,
+.FONT CB 0
+is used.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".RIGHT MARGIN" I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .RM I " n"
+sets the right margin
+.IR n .
+The
+.I n
+must be greater than the left margin.
+.
+The initial setting is
+.FONT CB 60 R .
+.
+If
+.I n
+is not supplied, the current page width (set with the
+.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE"
+command) is used.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PAPER SIZE" I " n" CB , I m
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE" I " n" CB , I m
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".PS" I " n" CB , I m
+sets the size of the page
+.I n
+lines by
+.I m
+columns and sets the right margin to
+.IR m .
+The default setting is
+.FONT CB 58,60 R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .PITCH I " n" CB , I m
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .PIT I " n" CB , I m
+sets the horizontal and vertical pitch on a supporting output device.
+.
+The horizontal pitch is
+.I n
+and is specified as characters per inch.
+.
+The value must divide evenly into
+.FONT CB 60
+for
+.FONT CI "Anderson\-Jacobson devices"
+and into
+.FONT CB 120
+for
+.FONT CI "Diablo devices" R .
+.
+The default is
+.FONT CB 12 R .
+.
+.
+.P
+The vertical pitch is
+.I m
+and is specified as lines per inch.
+.
+.I m
+must divide evenly into
+.FONT CB 48 R .
+.
+The default is the hardware setting.
+.
+.I n
+and
+.I m
+may be set independently.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .SPACING I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .SP I " n"
+sets the number of spaces between lines.
+.
+The
+.I n
+can range from
+.FONT CB 1
+to
+.FONT CB 5 R .
+.
+The default setting is
+.FONT CB 1 R .
+.
+.FONT CB ".SPACING 1"
+is like
+.I single spacing
+on a typewriter and
+.FONT CB ".SPACING 2"
+is like
+.IR "double spacing" .
+.FONT CB ".SPACING 2"
+puts one
+.I blank line
+between lines of text.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .STANDARD I " n"
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .SD I " n"
+returns all parameters, except the pitch settings, to their initial
+settings and sets
+.I n
+as the page width.
+.
+If
+.FONT CB ".STANDARD 60"
+is specified, margins are reset
+.FONT CB ".LM 0" R ,
+.FONT CB ".RM 60" R ,
+.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE 58,60" R ,
+.FONT CB ".SPACING 1" R ,
+.FONT CB "PARAGRAPH INDENT 5" R ,
+and
+.I fill
+and
+.I justify
+are enabled.
+.
+.FONT CB ".STANDARD 70"
+sets right margin to
+.FONT CB 70
+and
+.I page size
+to
+.FONT CB 58,70 R .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".TAB STOPS" I " n" CB , I n CB , I \*[Ellipsis]
+.TQ
+.FONT CB ".TS" I " n" CB , I n CB , I \*[Ellipsis]
+sets tabs.
+.
+The
+.I n
+must be greater than
+.FONT CB 0
+and listed in ascending order.
+.
+If tabs already exist, the issuing of another
+.FONT CB ".TAB STOPS"
+command clears all previous
+.I tabs
+before setting new ones.
+.
+The
+.I default tabs
+are set at eight\-column intervals to match the
+.FONT CR Digital
+hardware standard.
+.
+These
+.I tabs
+are at columns
+.FONT CB 8 R ,
+.FONT CB 16 R ,
+.FONT CB 24 R ,
+.FONT CB 32 R ,
+.FONT CB 40 R ,
+.FONT CB 48 R ,
+.FONT CB 56 R ,
+.FONT CB 64 R ,
+.FONT CB 72 R ,
+and
+.FONT CB 80 R .
+.
+The tabs are converted to the appropriate number of non\-expandable
+spaces.
+.
+If there are no regular spaces to the left of the
+.IR tabs ,
+they will print out at the appropriate position, even if
+.I fill
+is on.
+.
+If
+.I literal
+is on, the
+.I tabs
+are not converted to
+.IR spaces ,
+but are output as
+.IR tabs .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .AUTOPARAGRAPH
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .AP
+causes any
+.I blank line
+or any line starting with a
+.I space
+or
+.I tab
+to be considered as the start of a new paragraph.
+.
+This command allows normally typed text to be
+.I justified
+without special commands.
+.
+It does not cause a paragraph if
+.I blank lines
+are followed by a command.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .NOAUTOPARAGRAPH
+.TQ
+.FONT CB .NAP
+disengages the
+.FONT CI AUTOPARAGRAPH
+mode.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS List of Commands (Alphabetical)
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.if t \{
+.ig endTBL
+.\}
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" Table using tbl for running in tty
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.nf
+.nh
+.
+.TS
+center,allbox,tab(@);
+cIw(1.5i) sw(1.5i) cIw(1.5i).
+Command or address@hidden Commands
+=
+.
+.T&
+l l l.
+\f[CB].AP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].AUTOPARAGRAPH\f[R])@
+\f[CB].APPENDIX\f[I] text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].AX\f[R])@\f[CB].NUMBER APPENDIX\f[I] a
+\f[CB].AX\f[R]@(=\f[CB].APPENDIX\f[R])@
+\f[CB].AUTOPARAGRAPH \f[R]@(=\f[CB].AP\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NOAUTOPARAGRAPH
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NAP\f[R])
+T}
+_
+\f[CB].B\f[R]@(=\f[CB].BLANK\f[R])@
+\f[CB].BLANK \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].B\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].SKIP \f[I]n
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].S\f[R])
+T}
+\f[CB].BR\f[R]@(=\f[CB].BREAK\f[R])@
address@hidden(=\f[CB].BR\f[R])
+_
+\f[CB].C\f[R]@(=\f[CB].CENTRE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].CENTER\f[R]@(=\f[CB].CENTRE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].CENTRE \f[I]n\f[CB];\f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].C\f[R])@
+\f[CB].CH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].CHAPTER\f[R])@
+\f[CB].CHAPTER \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].CH\f[R])@\f[CB].NUMBER CHAPTER \f[I]n
+\f[CB].COMMENT \f[I]text\f[R]@@
+_
+\f[CB].DO INDEX \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].DX\f[R])@T{
+.
+\f[CB].PRINT INDEX
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].PX\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].DX\f[R]@(=\f[CB].DO INDEX\f[R])@
+_
+\f[CB].ELS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].END LIST\f[R])@
+\f[CB].EN\f[R]@(=\f[CB].END NOTE\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].END LIST\f[R]@(=\f[CB].ELS\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].LIST \f[I]n
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].LS\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].END LITERAL \f[R]@(=\f[CB].ELI\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].LITERAL
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].LIT\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].END NOTE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].EN\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NOTE \f[I]text
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NT\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].END SUBPAGE\f[R]@@\f[CB].SUBPAGE
+_
+\f[CB].F\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FILL\f[R])@
+\f[CB].FG\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FIGURE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].FIGURE n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].FG\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].FILL \f[R]@(=\f[CB].F\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NOFILL
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NF\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].FIRST TITLE \f[I]text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FT\f[R])@\f[CB].TITLE \f[I]text
+.
+\f[CB].FLAGS CAPITALIZE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FL CAPITALIZE\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NFL\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].FLAGS HYPHENATE \f[R]@(=\f[CB].FL HYPHENATE\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NFH\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].FN\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FOOTNOTE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].FOOTNOTE \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FN\f[R])@
+\f[CB].FT\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FIRST TITLE\f[R])@
+_
+\f[CB].HD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HEADER\f[R])@
+.
+T{
+\f[CB].HEADER \f[I]arg\f[R]
+.br
+\f[R] [\f[I]arg\f[R]=\f[CB]UPPER\f[R], \f[CB]LOWER\f[R], or \f[CB]MIXED]\f[R]
+T}@(=\f[CB].HD\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NOHEADER
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NHD\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].HEADER LEVEL \f[I]n text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HL\f[R])@
+\f[CB].HL\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HEADER LEVEL\f[R])@
+\f[CB].HY\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HYPHENATION\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].HYPHENATION \f[R]@(=\f[CB].HY\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NO HYPHENATION
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NHY\f[R])
+T}
+.
+_
+\f[CB].I\f[R]@(=\f[CB].INDENT\f[R])@
+\f[CB].INDENT \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].I\f[R])@
+\f[CB].INDEX \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].X\f[R])@
+_
+\f[CB].J\f[R]@(=\f[CB].JUSTIFY\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].JUSTIFY \f[R](\f[CB].J\f[R])@@T{
+\f[CB].NOJUSTIFY
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NJ\f[R])
+T}
+.
+_
+\f[CB].LC\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LOWER CASE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].LE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LIST ELEMENT\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].LEFT MARGIN \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LM\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].RIGHT MARGIN \f[I]n
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].RM\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].LIST \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LS\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].END LIST
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].ELS\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].LIST ELEMENT;\f[I]text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LE\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].END LIST
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].ELS\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].LIT\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LITERAL\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].LITERAL\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LIT\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].END LITERAL
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].ELI\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].LM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LEFT MARGIN\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].LOWER CASE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LC\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].UPPER CASE
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].UC\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].LS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LIST\f[R])@
+_
+\f[CB].NAP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NOAUTOPARAGRAPH\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NF\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NOFILL\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NFC\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NFH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE\f[R])@
+.
address@hidden
+(=\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE
+.br
+.ce
+\f[R] and
+.br
+\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE\f[R])
+T}@
+.
+\f[CB].NHD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO HEADER\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NHY\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO HYPHENATION\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NJ\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO JUSTIFY\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NUMBER\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NNM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO NUMBER\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].NOAUTOPARAGRAPH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NAP\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].AUTOPARAGRAPH \f[R](\f[CB].AP\f[R])
+.br
+\f[CB]\ .PARAGRAPH \f[I]n,v,t \f[R](\f[CB].P\f[R])
+T}
+.
address@hidden(\f[CB].NF\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].FILL
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].F\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NFL\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].FLAGS CAPITALIZE
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].FL CAPITALIZE\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NFH\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].FLAGS HYPHENATE
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].FL HYPHENATE\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NOHEADER\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NHD\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].HEADER \f[I]arg
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].HD\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NO HYPHENATION \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NHY\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].HYPHENATION
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].HY\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NOJUSTIFY \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NJ\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].JUSTIFY
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].J\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NONUMBER \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NNM\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NUMBER \f[I]n
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NM\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NOPERIOD \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NPR\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].PERIOD
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].PR\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NOTE text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NT\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].END NOTE
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].EN\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].NPR\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO PERIOD\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NT\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NOTE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].NUMBER APPENDIX \f[I]a\f[R]@@\f[CB].APPENDIX text
+\f[CB].NUMBER CHAPTER \f[I]n\f[R]@@\f[CB].CHAPTER text
+_
+\f[CB].P\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PARAGRAPH\f[R])@
+\f[CB].PAGE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PG\f[R])@
+\f[CB].PAGE SIZE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PAPER SIZE\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].PAPER SIZE \f[I]v\f[CB],address@hidden
+(=\f[CB].PS\f[R]
+.br
+\f[CB].PAGE SIZE\f[R])
+T}@
+.
+\f[CB].PARAGRAPH \f[I]h\f[CB],\f[I]v\f[CB],\f[I]t \f[R]@(=\f[CB].P\f[R])@
+\f[CB].SKIP \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].S\f[R])@\f[CB].BLANK \f[I]n
\f[R](\f[CB].B\f[R])
+\f[CB].SP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].SPACING\f[R])@
+\f[CB].SPACING \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].SP\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].PERIOD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PR\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].NOPERIOD
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].NPR\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].PG\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PAGE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].PITCH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PIT\f[R])@
+
+.\f[CB].PRINT INDEX \f[R]@(=\f[CB].PX\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].DO INDEX text
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].DX\f[R])
+T}
+.
+\f[CB].PS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PAPER SIZE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].PX\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PRINT INDEX\f[R])@
+_
+\f[CB].RIGHT MARGIN \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].RM\f[R])@
+\f[CB].RM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].RIGHT MARGIN\f[R])@
+_
+\f[CB].S\f[R]@(=\f[CB].SKIP\f[R])@
+\f[CB].SD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].STANDARD\f[R])@
+\f[CB].ST\f[R]@(=\f[CB].SUBTITLE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].SUBPAGE\f[R]@@\f[CB].END SUBPAGE
+\f[CB].SUBTITLE \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].ST\f[R])@
+_
+\f[CB].T\f[R]@(=\f[CB].TITLE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].TAB STOPS \f[I]n,n, \*[Ellipsis] ,n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].TS\f[R])@
+\f[CB].TEST PAGE \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].TP\f[R])@
+\f[CB].TITLE text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].T\f[R])@
+\f[CB].TP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].TEST PAGE\f[R])@
+\f[CB].TS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].TAB STOPS\f[R])@
+_
+\f[CB].UC\f[R]@(=\f[CB].UPPER CASE\f[R])@
+.
+\f[CB].UPPER CASE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].UC\f[R])@T{
+\f[CB].LOWER CASE
+.br
+\f[R](\f[CB].LC\f[R])
+T}
+.
+_
+\f[CB].X\f[R]@(=\f[CB].INDEX\f[R])@
+.
+.TE
+.
+.hy
+.fi
+.
+.
+.\" End of tbl ----------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.
+.if t \{
+. endTBL
+.\}
+.
+.
+.\" use groff_hdtbl
+.if t \{
+. mso hdtbl.tmac
+. TableHDTBL
+.\}
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH EXPERIMENTAL ADDITIONS 1965
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.
+These
+.I "control words"
+are documented in
+.FONT CI Saltzer R 's
+documentation of 1965.
+.
+It is unsure whether they were really implemented.
+.
+.
+.P
+In this documentation, all
+.I control words
+are written in
+.IR "lower case" .
+.
+The writing in
+.I upper case
+is not mentioned, the same is true for
+.IR abbreviations .
+.
+So this documentation uses only
+.IR "lower case" .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .FIGURE
+This
+.I control word
+turns control over to a
+.I figure
+.IR processor ,
+which creates in
+.I core memory
+a representation of a
+.I flow diagram
+under the control of a few special
+.IR "control words" .
+When the
+.I control word
+.FONT CB ".END FIGURE"
+is encountered, the completed picture is printed immediately on the
+page being generated if there is room on that page; otherwise the
+.I figure
+will appear at the top of the next page.
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.P
+Text following the
+.FONT CB ".END FIGURE"
+.I control word
+will be smoothly attached to text before the
+.FONT CB .FIGURE R .
+.
+No break is generated.
+.
+(Restriction: If a
+.I figure
+is being held for placement at the top of the next page, another
+.I figure
+may not be encountered before the first one is printed.)
+.
+.
+.P
+The only
+.I control words
+which are recognized when in the
+.I \%figure processor
+are the following three:
+.FONT CB .FRAME R ,
+.FONT CB .BOX R ,
+and
+.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" R .
+.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .FRAME I " m n"
+This
+.I control word
+intitalizes the
+.I figure processor
+by giving the height and width of the figure to be produced.
+.
+.I m
+is
+the height, in lines; and
+.I n
+is the width, in characters.
+.
+(Note that a 1050 types 6 lines per inch, and 10 characters per inch.)
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.P
+Any attempt to place items in the picture which extend beyond the
+boundaries will cause an error comment to be generated.
+.
+.I \%m
+and
+.I \%n
+must both be less than 100 and their product must be smaller than
+5400.
+.
+We may now think of the
+.I figure
+to be produced as an array of
+.I m
+times
+.I n
+elements.
+.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .BOX I " i j"
+The text on the lines following this
+.I control word
+will be placed in the
+.I figure
+such that the first character on the first line following the
+.FONT CB .BOX
+will appear in row
+.IR i ,
+character position
+-IR j .
+.
+The end of the text is indicated by a
+.FONT CB .BOX
+.I control word
+for another piece of text or the
+.FONT CB ".END FIGURE"
+.I control
+.IR word .
+.
+Temporarily, the text should not include underlined or overtyped
+characters.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB ".END FIGURE"
+This
+.I control word
+causes control to return to the regular
+.I control processor
+of the
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+command, for the decision to print the picture.
+.
+Note that another
+.FONT CB .FIGURE
+.I control word
+may not appear until after this
+.I figure
+has been printed.
+.
+.
+.RS
+.P
+One further
+.I control word
+has been added which is intended to facilitate bringing out revised
+editions of a memorandum.
+.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .FLAG
+The next line to be printed after this
+.I control word
+is encountered will have an asterisk placed two spaces to the right of
+the right margin, as illustrated.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .DEFINE I " symbol"
+.
+This
+.I control word
+defines the value of the symbol
+.I symbol
+to be the number of the page currently being printed.
+.
+The symbol may be used later with the
+.FONT CB .USE
+.I control word
+to cause printing of the page number in text.
+.
+The characters in the symbol must be mappable into the six\-bit
+character set, and all symbols must be six of fewer characters.
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT CB .USE I " symbol"
+The value of the symbol
+.I symbol
+is inserted into the text with a single blank preceding and no blank
+following.
+.
+If the symbol has not been previously defined, its value is
+.FONT CB 0 R .
+Text may continue following a blank typed after the symbol.
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.P
+Here is an example of the use of these
+.I control
+.IR words .
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.P
+In one area of text:
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.P
+We now discuss the operation of the typewriter
+.FONT CB ".DEFINE REF1"
+coordinator module, which \*[Ellipsis]
+.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+In a later area of text:
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.P
+As we saw in the discussion of the typewriter coordinator on page
+.FONT CB ".USE REF1" R ,
+the rest of \*[Ellipsis]
+.
+.
+.RE
+.
+.
+.P
+if the first area of text were on page 14, the later line would read:
+.
+.
+.RS
+.
+.
+.P
+As we saw in the discussion of the typewriter coordinator on page 14,
+the rest of \*[Ellipsis]
+.
+.
+.RE
+.RE
+.RE
+-
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SS Further Study of Experimental Additions
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+A number of suggestions have been made for extending the
+.I control word
+language of
+.FONT CI RUNOFF R ,
+and its capabilities.
+.
+These are listed here, primarily to elicit comment and discussion,
+both on the language which describes these operations and the less
+important problem of their implementation.
+-
+.
+.TP
+1.
+.
+Word division.
+.
+This is a whole are of study in itself.
+.
+.
+.TP
+2.
+.
+Automatic footnote insertion.
+.
+This was handled somewhat awkwardly in the
+.FONT CB DITTO
+.IR command ,
+although the basic approach was probably reasonable.
+.
+.
+.TP
+3.
+.
+Automatic page references, perhaps via some symbolic reference scheme.
+.
+This would enable the page number in "as was described on page 32" to
+be inserted by the program.
+.
+The analogy with an assembly program should be hotly pursued for
+ideas.
+.
+.
+.TP
+4.
+.
+Special provision for printing facing pages.
+.
+This would require alternate running heads, placing page numbers
+alternately at right and left, and matching line counts on facing
+pages.
+.
+.
+.TP
+5.
+.
+Improved page\-division rules, to prevent the last line of a paragraph
+appearing alone at the top of a page, for example.
+.
+At present, copy must be run off to check by hand that awkward page
+divisions have not been made.
+.
+.
+.TP
+6.
+.
+Automatic generation of page numbers for a table of contents.
+.
+Again, the analogy of an assembly program symbol table appears
+fruitful.
+.
+.
+.TP
+7.
+.
+Automatic generations of an index.
+.
+The problem here is obtaining too many references to a given word,
+many irrelevant.
+.
+.
+.TP
+8.
+.
+Arrangement of tabulated data.
+.
+This problem may have already been partly approached with the
+above\-described figure generator, or the facilities already available
+in
+.IR RUNOFF ,
+but automatic setup of column widths and positions would be desirable.
+.
+One could include in this category the ability to call on other
+programs to computer numbers to place in tables, although this is
+going pretty far afield.
+.
+.
+.TP
+9.
+.
+Placing figures in a
+.I "cut"
+or
+.IR inset .
+.
+The control language is the most difficult problem here.
+.
+.
+.TP
+10.
+.
+Equation typing and numbering.
+.
+Again, the control language appears formidable.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH MANUSCRIPT CONVENTIONS
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+Initially,
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+is set to
+.I FILL
+mode, such as by using
+.FONT CB .FILL R .
+.
+The filling is identical to
+.FONT CI groff R 's
+filling mode:
+.
+Text lines will normally be adjuted by inserting extra spaces in
+mid\-line so that the end of the line is on the right margin.
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH AVAILABLE RUNOFF FILES
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+You can still find text files in the
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+language.
+.
+.
+.P
+In the
+.nh
+.UR http://\:www.columbia.edu/\:kermit/\:pdp10.html
+Kermit website
+.UE
+you find 3 files in
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+language maybe of the
+.FONT CR Multics
+era or later:
+.
+.Topic
+.UR ftp://\:kermit.columbia.edu/\:kermit/\:d/\:k10133.rno
+.FONT CR k10133.rno
+.UE
+.
+.Topic
+.UR ftp://\:kermit.columbia.edu/\:kermit/\:d/\:k10mit.rnh
+.FONT CR k10mit.rnh
+.UE
+.
+.Topic
+.UR ftp://\:kermit.columbia.edu/\:kermit/\:d/\:k10v3.rno
+.FONT CR k10v3.rno
+.UE
+.hy
+.
+.
+.P
+At
+.nh
+.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:pubs.html
+.FONT CR Saltzer R 's
+publication website
+.UE
+you find files in
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+of the
+.FONT CR Multics
+era.
+.hy
+.
+Search there for
+.nh
+.FONT CR runoff
+and you will find the following 5 files:
+.
+.Topic
+.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:whyring/\:whyring.run
+.FONT CR whyring.run
+.UE
+.
+.Topic
+.UR
http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:starring/\:starring.run
+.FONT CR starring.run
+.UE
+.
+.Topic
+.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:tmring.run
+.FONT CR tmring.run
+.UE
+.
+.Topic
+.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:florence.run
+.FONT CR "RFC1498 florence.run"
+.UE
+.
+.Topic
+.UR
http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:sourcerouting/\:zurich.run
+.FONT CR zurich.run
+.UE
+.hy
+.
+.
+.P
+Most
+.nh
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+files are found in the
+.UR http://\:pdp-10.trailing-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/
+.FONT CR "DEC PDP\-10 archive"
+.UE .
+.
+Many files are very old as they are written in
+.I upper case
+only:
+.
+.Topic
+.UR http://\:pdp-10.trailing-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/\:searchbyname?name=*.rno
+normal documents
+.FONT CB *.rno
+in
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+.UE
+.
+.Topic
+.UR http://\:pdp-10.trailing-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/\:searchbyname?name=*.rnh
+.FONT CB *.rnh
+help files in
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+.UE
+.
+.Topic
+.UR http://\:pdp-10.trailing-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/\:searchbyname?name=runoff.*
+.FONT CB runoff.*
+documents about
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+.UE
+.hy
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.
+.PP
+.\" BR RUNOFF (@MAN1EXT@),
+.BR groff (@MAN1EXT@),
+.BR groff (@MAN7EXT@),
+.BR roff (@MAN7EXT@),
+.BR groff_filenames (@MAN7EXT@)
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT R "1964 " CR "Jerome H. Saltzer" R :
+.nh
+.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \[em] TYPSET and RUNOFF, Memorandum editor and \
+type\-out commands"
+.hy
+available at
+.UR \%http://\:mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:CC\-244.html
+.UE
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT R "1965 " CR "Jerome H. Saltzer" R :
+.nh
+.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \(em Experimental Additions to the RUNOFF Command"
+available at
+.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:afs/\:athena.mit.edu/\:user/\:other/\
+\:a/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:PSN\-40.html
+.UE
+.hy
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT R "1966 " CR "Jerome H. Saltzer" R :
+.nh
+.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \[em] Manuscript Typing and Editing"
+.hy
+which is available in the internet at
+.UR http://\:mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:AH.9.01.html
+.I MIT html
+.UE
+or
+.UR
\%http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:ctss\/\:AH.9.01.html
+.I CTSS html
+.UE
+or
+.UR \%http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:ctss/\:AH.9.01.pdf
+.I CTSS pdf
+.UE .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT R "1973 " CR "Larry Barnes" R :
+.FONT CI "Larry Barnes \[em] RUNOFF: A Program for the Preparation of
Documents"
+available as
+.UR http://\:www.textfiles.com/\:bitsavers/\:pdf/\:sds/\:9xx/\:940/\
+\:ucbProjectGenie/\:mcjones/\:R\-37_RUNOFF.pdf
+.I pdf
+.UE .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT R "1974 " CR "DEC RSTS" R :
+.FONT CI "RUNOFF User's Guide" R : CR "
v8.0-v4-d-rsts_e_runoff_users_guide.pdf"
+at
+.UR
http://elvira.stacken.kth.se/rstsdoc/rsts-doc-v80/v8.0-v4-d-rsts_e_runoff_users_guide.pdf
+.I DEC RSTS
+.UE .
+.
+.
+.TP
+.FONT R "1981 " CR PDP\-11 R :
+This is the latest documentation on
+.FONT CI RUNOFF
+available as
+.UR http://\:malarky.udel.edu/\:~dmills/\:data/\:du0/\:RUNOFF.DOC
+text file.
+.UE .
+.
+More exactly, this
+.FONT CB .DOC
+file is an output file produced by the
+.FONT CB RUNOFF
+program a long time ago.
+.
+This extension doesn't work on actual systems who expect a Microsoft
+office file.
+.
+You have to rename this file by appending the
+.FONT CB .txt
+extension.
+.
+Then the file can be viewed by
+.FONT CB more
+or
+.FONT CB less R .
+.
+.
+.P
+.nh
+.UR http://\:www.cozx.com/\:~dpitts/\:ibm7090.html
+Emulator for
+.FONT CR "IBM 7090 CTSS"
+.UE .
+.hy
+.
+.
+.P
+The home page of
+.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer"
+is
+.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/
+.UE .
+.
+.
+.SH "AUTHORS"
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.authors
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "COPYING"
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.copying
+.
+.
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" Emacs settings
+.\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
+.
+.\" Local Variables:
+.\" mode: nroff
+.\" End:
+
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