RE: [PATCH RFC V2 00/37] Support of Virtual CPU Hotplug for ARMv8 Arch

[Salil Mehta]

Looks like some problem with Huawei's mail server server. No patches
except the cover letter are reaching the qemu-devel mailing-list.


> From: Salil Mehta <salil.mehta@huawei.com>
> Sent: Monday, September 25, 2023 8:44 PM
> To: qemu-devel@nongnu.org; qemu-arm@nongnu.org
> Cc: Salil Mehta <salil.mehta@huawei.com>; maz@kernel.org;
> james.morse@arm.com; jean-philippe@linaro.org; Jonathan Cameron
> <jonathan.cameron@huawei.com>; lorenzo.pieralisi@linaro.com;
> lpieralisi@kernel.org; peter.maydell@linaro.org;
> richard.henderson@linaro.org; imammedo@redhat.com; andrew.jones@linux.dev;
> david@redhat.com; philmd@linaro.org; eric.auger@redhat.com;
> will@kernel.org; catalin.marinas@arm.com; ardb@kernel.org;
> justin.he@arm.com; oliver.upton@linux.dev; pbonzini@redhat.com;
> mst@redhat.com; gshan@redhat.com; rafael@kernel.org;
> borntraeger@linux.ibm.com; alex.bennee@linaro.org; linux@armlinux.org.uk;
> darren@os.amperecomputing.com; ilkka@os.amperecomputing.com;
> vishnu@os.amperecomputing.com; karl.heubaum@oracle.com;
> miguel.luis@oracle.com; sudeep.holla@arm.com; salil.mehta@opnsrc.net;
> zhukeqian <zhukeqian1@huawei.com>; wangxiongfeng (C)
> <wangxiongfeng2@huawei.com>; wangyanan (Y) <wangyanan55@huawei.com>;
> jiakernel2@gmail.com; maobibo@loongson.cn; lixianglai@loongson.cn
> Subject: [PATCH RFC V2 00/37] Support of Virtual CPU Hotplug for ARMv8 Arch
> 
> PROLOGUE
> ========
> 
> To assist in review and set the right expectations from this RFC, please
> first
> read below sections *APPENDED AT THE END* of this cover letter,
> 
> 1. Important *DISCLAIMER* [Section (X)]
> 2. Work presented at KVMForum Conference (slides available) [Section (V)F]
> 3. Organization of patches [Section (XI)]
> 4. References [Section (XII)]
> 5. Detailed TODO list of the leftover work or work-in-progress [Section
> (IX)]
> 
> NOTE: There has been an interest shown by other organizations in adapting
> this series for their architecture. I am planning to split this RFC into
> architecture *agnostic* and *specific* patch-sets in subsequent releases.
> ARM
> specific patch-set will continue as RFC V3 and architecture agnostic patch-
> set
> will be floated without RFC tag and can be consumed in this Qemu cycle if
> MAINTAINERs ack it.
> 
> [Please check section (XI)B for details of architecture agnostic patches]
> 
> 
> SECTIONS [I - XIII] are as follows :
> 
> (I) Key Changes (RFC V1 -> RFC V2)
>     ==================================
> 
>     RFC V1: https://lore.kernel.org/qemu-devel/20200613213629.21984-1-
> salil.mehta@huawei.com/
> 
> 1. ACPI MADT Table GIC CPU Interface can now be presented [6] as ACPI
>    *online-capable* or *enabled* to the Guest OS at the boot time. This
> means
>    associated CPUs can have ACPI _STA as *enabled* or *disabled* even after
> boot
>    See, UEFI ACPI 6.5 Spec, Section 05, Table 5.37 GICC CPU Interface
> Flags[20]
> 2. SMCC/HVC Hypercall exit handling in userspace/Qemu for PSCI CPU_{ON,OFF}
>    request. This is required to {dis}allow online'ing a vCPU.
> 3. Always presenting unplugged vCPUs in CPUs ACPI AML code as ACPI
> _STA.PRESENT
>    to the Guest OS. Toggling ACPI _STA.Enabled to give an effect of the
>    hot{un}plug.
> 4. Live Migration works (some issues are still there)
> 5. TCG/HVF/qtest does not support Hotplug and falls back to default.
> 6. Code for TCG support do exists in this release (it is a work-in-
> progress)
> 7. ACPI _OSC method can now be used by OSPM to negotiate Qemu VM platform
>    hotplug capability (_OSC Query support still pending)
> 8. Misc. Bug fixes
> 
> (II) Summary
>      =======
> 
> This patch-set introduces the virtual CPU hotplug support for ARMv8
> architecture
> in QEMU. Idea is to be able to hotplug and hot-unplug the vCPUs while guest
> VM
> is running and no reboot is required. This does *not* makes any assumption
> of
> the physical CPU hotplug availability within the host system but rather
> tries to
> solve the problem at virtualizer/QEMU layer. Introduces ACPI CPU hotplug
> hooks
> and event handling to interface with the guest kernel, code to initialize,
> plug
> and unplug CPUs. No changes are required within the host kernel/KVM except
> the
> support of hypercall exit handling in the user-space/Qemu which has
> recently
> been added to the kernel. Its corresponding Guest kernel changes have been
> posted on the mailing-list [3] [4] by James Morse.
> 
> (III) Motivation
>       ==========
> 
> This allows scaling the guest VM compute capacity on-demand which would be
> useful for the following example scenarios,
> 
> 1. Vertical Pod Autoscaling [9][10] in the cloud: Part of the orchestration
>    framework which could adjust resource requests (CPU and Mem requests)
> for
>    the containers in a pod, based on usage.
> 2. Pay-as-you-grow Business Model: Infrastructure provider could allocate
> and
>    restrict the total number of compute resources available to the guest VM
>    according to the SLA (Service Level Agreement). VM owner could request
> for
>    more compute to be hot-plugged for some cost.
> 
> For example, Kata Container VM starts with a minimum amount of resources
> (i.e.
> hotplug everything approach). why?
> 
> 1. Allowing faster *boot time* and
> 2. Reduction in *memory footprint*
> 
> Kata Container VM can boot with just 1 vCPU and then later more vCPUs can
> be
> hot-plugged as per requirement.
> 
> (IV) Terminology
>      ===========
> 
> (*) Posssible CPUs: Total vCPUs which could ever exist in VM. This includes
>                     any cold booted CPUs plus any CPUs which could be later
>                     hot-plugged.
>                     - Qemu parameter(-smp maxcpus=N)
> (*) Present CPUs:   Possible CPUs which are ACPI 'present'. These might or
> might
>                     not be ACPI 'enabled'.
>                     - Present vCPUs = Possible vCPUs (Always on ARM Arch)
> (*) Enabled CPUs:   Possible CPUs which are ACPI ‘present’ and 'enabled'
> and can
>                     now be ‘onlined’ (PSCI) for use by Guest Kernel. All
> cold
>                     booted vCPUs are ACPI 'enabled' at boot. Later, using
>                     device_add more vCPUs can be hotplugged and be made
> ACPI
>                     'enabled.
>                     - Qemu parameter(-smp cpus=N). Can be used to specify
> some
>                     cold booted vCPUs during VM init. Some can be added using
>                     '-device' option.
> 
> (V) Constraints Due To ARMv8 CPU Architecture [+] Other Impediments
>     ===============================================================
> 
> A. Physical Limitation to Support CPU Hotplug: (Architectural Constraint)
>    1. ARMv8 CPU architecture does not support the concept of the physical
> CPU
>       hotplug.
>       a. There are many per-CPU components like PMU, SVE, MTE, Arch timers
> etc.
>          whose behaviour need to be clearly defined when CPU is
> hot(un)plugged.
>          There is no specification for this.
> 
>    2. Other ARM components like GIC etc. have not been designed to realize
>       physical CPU hotplug capability as of now. For example,
>       a. Every physical CPU has a unique GICC (GIC CPU Interface) by
> construct.
>          Architecture does not specifies what CPU hot(un)plug would mean in
>          context to any of these.
>       b. CPUs/GICC are physically connected to unique GICR (GIC
> Redistributor).
>          GIC Redistributors are always part of always-on power domain.
> Hence,
>          cannot be powered-off as per specification.
> 
> B. Impediments in Firmware/ACPI (Architectural Constraint)
> 
>    1. Firmware has to expose GICC, GICR and other per-CPU features like
> PMU,
>       SVE, MTE, Arch Timers etc. to the OS. Due to architectural constraint
>       stated in above section A1(a),  all interrupt controller structures
> of
>       MADT describing GIC CPU Interfaces and the GIC Redistibutors MUST be
>       presented by firmware to the OSPM during the boot time.
>    2. Architectures that support CPU hotplug can evaluate ACPI _MAT method
> to
>       get this kind of information from the firmware even after boot and
> the
>       OSPM has capability to process these. ARM kernel uses information in
> MADT
>       interrupt controller structures to identify number of Present CPUs
> during
>       boot and hence does not allow to change these after boot. Number of
>       present CPUs cannot be changed. It is an architectural constraint!
> 
> C. Impediments in KVM to Support Virtual CPU Hotplug (Architectural
> Constraint)
> 
>    1. KVM VGIC:
>        a. Sizing of various VGIC resources like memory regions etc. related
> to
>           the redistributor happens only once and is fixed at the VM init
> time
>           and cannot be changed later after initialization has happened.
>           KVM statically configures these resources based on the number of
> vCPUs
>           and the number/size of redistributor ranges.
>        b. Association between vCPU and its VGIC redistributor is fixed at
> the
>           VM init time within the KVM i.e. when redistributor iodevs gets
>           registered. VGIC does not allows to setup/change this association
>           after VM initialization has happened. Physically, every CPU/GICC
> is
>           uniquely connected with its redistributor and there is no
>           architectural way to set this up.
>    2. KVM vCPUs:
>        a. Lack of specification means destruction of KVM vCPUs does not
> exist as
>           there is no reference to tell what to do with other per-vCPU
>           components like redistributors, arch timer etc.
>        b. Infact, KVM does not implements destruction of vCPUs for any
>           architecture. This is independent of the fact whether
> architecture
>           actually supports CPU Hotplug feature. For example, even for x86
> KVM
>           does not implements destruction of vCPUs.
> 
> D. Impediments in Qemu to Support Virtual CPU Hotplug (KVM Constraints-
> >Arch)
> 
>    1. Qemu CPU Objects MUST be created to initialize all the Host KVM vCPUs
> to
>       overcome the KVM constraint. KVM vCPUs are created, initialized when
> Qemu
>       CPU Objects are realized. But keepinsg the QOM CPU objects realized
> for
>       'yet-to-be-plugged' vCPUs can create problems when these new vCPUs
> shall
>       be plugged using device_add and a new QOM CPU object shall be
> created.
>    2. GICV3State and GICV3CPUState objects MUST be sized over *possible
> vCPUs*
>       during VM init time while QOM GICV3 Object is realized. This is
> because
>       KVM VGIC can only be initialized once during init time. But every
>       GICV3CPUState has an associated QOM CPU Object. Later might
> corresponds to
>       vCPU which are 'yet-to-be-plugged'(unplugged at init).
>    3. How should new QOM CPU objects be connected back to the GICV3CPUState
>       objects and disconnected from it in case CPU is being hot(un)plugged?
>    4. How should 'unplugged' or 'yet-to-be-plugged' vCPUs be represented in
> the
>       QOM for which KVM vCPU already exists? For example, whether to keep,
>        a. No QOM CPU objects Or
>        b. Unrealized CPU Objects
>    5. How should vCPU state be exposed via ACPI to the Guest? Especially
> for
>       the unplugged/yet-to-be-plugged vCPUs whose CPU objects might not
> exists
>       within the QOM but the Guest always expects all possible vCPUs to be
>       identified as ACPI *present* during boot.
>    6. How should Qemu expose GIC CPU interfaces for the unplugged or
>       yet-to-beplugged vCPUs using ACPI MADT Table to the Guest?
> 
> E. Summary of Approach ([+] Workarounds to problems in sections A, B, C &
> D)
> 
>    1. At VM Init, pre-create all the possible vCPUs in the Host KVM i.e.
> even
>       for the vCPUs which are yet-to-be-plugged in Qemu but keep them in
> the
>       powered-off state.
>    2. After the KVM vCPUs have been initialized in the Host, the KVM vCPU
>       objects corresponding to the unplugged/yet-to-be-plugged vCPUs are
> parked
>       at the existing per-VM "kvm_parked_vcpus" list in Qemu. (similar to
> x86)
>    3. GICV3State and GICV3CPUState objects are sized over possible vCPUs
> during
>       VM init time i.e. when Qemu GIC is realized. This in turn sizes KVM
> VGIC
>       resources like memory regions etc. related to the redistributors with
> the
>       number of possible KVM vCPUs. This never changes after VM has
> initialized.
>    4. Qemu CPU objects corresponding to unplugged/yet-to-be-plugged vCPUs
> are
>       released post Host KVM CPU and GIC/VGIC initialization.
>    5. Build ACPI MADT Table with below updates
>       a. Number of GIC CPU interface entries (=possible vCPUs)
>       b. Present Boot vCPU as MADT.GICC.Enabled=1 (Not hot[un]pluggable)
>       c. Present hot(un)pluggable vCPUs as MADT.GICC.online-capable=1
>          - MADT.GICC.Enabled=0 (Mutually exclusive) [6][7]
>        - vCPU can be ACPI enabled+onlined after Guest boots (Firmware
> Policy)
>        - Some issues with above (details in later sections)
>    6. Expose below ACPI Status to Guest kernel
>       a. Always _STA.Present=1 (all possible vCPUs)
>       b. _STA.Enabled=1 (plugged vCPUs)
>       c. _STA.Enabled=0 (unplugged vCPUs)
>    7. vCPU hotplug *realizes* new QOM CPU object. Following happens,
>       a. Realizes, initializes QOM CPU Object & spawns Qemu vCPU thread
>       b. Unparks the existing KVM vCPU ("kvm_parked_vcpus" list)
>          - Attaches to QOM CPU object.
>       c. Reinitializes KVM vCPU in the Host
>          - Resets the core and sys regs, sets defaults etc.
>       d. Runs KVM vCPU (created with "start-powered-off")
>        - vCPU thread sleeps (waits for vCPU reset via PSCI)
>       e. Updates Qemu GIC
>          - Wires back IRQs related to this vCPU.
>          - GICV3CPUState association with QOM CPU Object.
>       f. Updates [6] ACPI _STA.Enabled=1
>       g. Notifies Guest about new vCPU (via ACPI GED interface)
>        - Guest checks _STA.Enabled=1
>        - Guest adds processor (registers CPU with LDM) [3]
>       h. Plugs the QOM CPU object in the slot.
>          - slot-number = cpu-index{socket,cluster,core,thread}
>       i. Guest online's vCPU (CPU_ON PSCI call over HVC/SMC)
>          - KVM exits HVC/SMC Hypercall [5] to Qemu (Policy Check).
>          - Qemu powers-on KVM vCPU in the Host
>    8. vCPU hot-unplug *unrealizes* QOM CPU Object. Following happens,
>       a. Notifies Guest (via ACPI GED interface) vCPU hot-unplug event
>          - Guest offline's vCPU (CPU_OFF PSCI call over HVC/SMC)
>       b. KVM exits HVC/SMC Hypercall [5] to Qemu (Policy Check).
>          - Qemu powers-off the KVM vCPU in the Host
>       c Guest signals *Eject* vCPU to Qemu
>       d. Qemu updates [6] ACPI _STA.Enabled=0
>       e. Updates GIC
>          - Un-wires IRQs related to this vCPU
>          - GICV3CPUState association with new QOM CPU Object is updated.
>       f. Unplugs the vCPU
>        - Removes from slot
>          - Parks KVM vCPU ("kvm_parked_vcpus" list)
>          - Unrealizes QOM CPU Object & joins back Qemu vCPU thread
>        - Destroys QOM CPU object
>       g. Guest checks ACPI _STA.Enabled=0
>          - Removes processor (unregisters CPU with LDM) [3]
> 
> F. Work Presented at KVM Forum Conferences:
>    Details of above work has been presented at KVMForum2020 and
> KVMForum2023
>    conferences. Slides are available at below links,
>    a. KVMForum 2023
>       - Challenges Revisited in Supporting Virt CPU Hotplug on
> architectures that don't Support CPU Hotplug (like ARM64)
>         https://kvm-forum.qemu.org/2023/talk/9SMPDQ/
>    b. KVMForum 2020
>       - Challenges in Supporting Virtual CPU Hotplug on SoC Based Systems
> (like ARM64) - Salil Mehta, Huawei
>         https://sched.co/eE4m
> 
> (VI) Commands Used
>      =============
> 
>     A. Qemu launch commands to init the machine
> 
>     $ qemu-system-aarch64 --enable-kvm -machine virt,gic-version=3 \
>     -cpu host -smp cpus=4,maxcpus=6 \
>     -m 300M \
>     -kernel Image \
>     -initrd rootfs.cpio.gz \
>     -append "console=ttyAMA0 root=/dev/ram rdinit=/init maxcpus=2
> acpi=force" \
>     -nographic \
>     -bios  QEMU_EFI.fd \
> 
>     B. Hot-(un)plug related commands
> 
>     # Hotplug a host vCPU(accel=kvm)
>     $ device_add host-arm-cpu,id=core4,core-id=4
> 
>     # Hotplug a vCPU(accel=tcg)
>     $ device_add cortex-a57-arm-cpu,id=core4,core-id=4
> 
>     # Delete the vCPU
>     $ device_del core4
> 
>     Sample output on guest after boot:
> 
>     $ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/possible
>     0-5
>     $ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/present
>     0-5
>     $ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/enabled
>     0-3
>     $ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/online
>     0-1
>     $ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/offline
>     2-5
> 
>     Sample output on guest after hotplug of vCPU=4:
> 
>     $ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/possible
>     0-5
>     $ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/present
>     0-5
>     $ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/enabled
>     0-4
>     $ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/online
>     0-1,4
>     $ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/offline
>     2-3,5
> 
>     Note: vCPU=4 was explicitly 'onlined' after hot-plug
>     $ echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/online
> 
> (VII) Repository
>       ==========
> 
>  (*) QEMU changes for vCPU hotplug could be cloned from below site,
>      https://github.com/salil-mehta/qemu.git virt-cpuhp-armv8/rfc-v2
>  (*) Guest Kernel changes (by James Morse, ARM) are available here:
>      https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/morse/linux.git
> virtual_cpu_hotplug/rfc/v2
> 
> 
> (VIII) KNOWN ISSUES
>        ============
> 
> 1. Migration has been lightly tested. Below are some of the known issues:
>    - Ocassional CPU stall (not always repeatable)
>    - Negative test case like asymmetric source/destination VM config causes
> dump.
>    - Migration with TCG is not working properly.
> 2. TCG with Single threaded mode is broken.
> 3. HVF and qtest support is broken.
> 4. ACPI MADT Table flags [7] MADT.GICC.Enabled and MADT.GICC.online-capable
> are
>    mutually exclusive i.e. as per the change [6] a vCPU cannot be both
>    GICC.Enabled and GICC.online-capable. This means,
>       [ Link: https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=3706 ]
>    a. If we have to support hot-unplug of the cold-booted vCPUs then these
> MUST
>       be specified as GICC.online-capable in the MADT Table during boot by
> the
>       firmware/Qemu. But this requirement conflicts with the requirement to
>       support new Qemu changes with legacy OS which dont understand
>       MADT.GICC.online-capable Bit. Legacy OS during boot time will ignore
> this
>       bit and hence these vCPUs will not appear on such OS. This is
> unexpected
>       behaviour.
>    b. In case we decide to specify vCPUs as MADT.GICC.Enabled and try to
> unplug
>       these cold-booted vCPUs from OS (which in actual should be blocked by
>       returning error at Qemu) then features like 'kexec' will break.
>    c. As I understand, removal of the cold-booted vCPUs is a required
> feature
>       and x86 world allows it.
>    d. Hence, either we need a specification change to make the
> MADT.GICC.Enabled
>       and MADT.GICC.online-capable Bits NOT mutually exclusive or NOT
> support
>       removal of cold-booted vCPUs. In the later case, a check can be
> introduced
>       to bar the users from unplugging vCPUs, which were cold-booted, using
> QMP
>       commands. (Needs discussion!)
>       Please check below patch part of this patch-set:
>           [hw/arm/virt: Expose cold-booted CPUs as MADT GICC Enabled]
> 5. Code related to the notification to GICV3 about hot(un)plug of a vCPU
> event
>    inlcudes virt.h in the arm_gicv3_common.c which is not correct. Needs a
>    better way to notify GIC about CPU event independent of VirtMachineState
> 
> 
> (IX) THINGS TO DO
>      ============
> 
> 1. Fix the Migration Issues
> 2. Fix issues related to TCG/Emulation support.
> 3. Comprehensive Testing. Current testing is very basic.
>    a. Negative Test cases
> 4. Qemu Documentation(.rst) need to be updated.
> 5. Fix qtest, HVF Support
> 6. Fix the design issue related to ACPI MADT.GICC flags discussed in known
>    issues. This might require UEFI ACPI specification change!
> 7. Add ACPI _OSC 'Query' support. Only part of _OSC support exists now.
> 
>  Above is *not* a complete list. Will update later!
> 
> Best regards
> Salil.
> 
> (X) DISCLAIMER
>     ==========
> 
> This work is an attempt to present a proof-of-concept of the ARM64 vCPU
> hotplug
> implementation to the community. This is *not* a production level code and
> might
> have bugs. Only a basic testing has been done on HiSilicon Kunpeng920 SoC
> for
> servers. Once the design and core idea behind the implementation has been
> verified more efforts can be put to harden the code.
> 
> This work is *mostly* in the lines of the discussions which have happened
> in the
> previous years[see refs below] across different channels like mailing-list,
> Linaro Open Discussions platform, various conferences like KVMFourm etc.
> This
> RFC is being used as a way to verify the idea mentioned in this cover-
> letter and
> to get community views. Once this has been agreed upon a formal patch shall
> be
> presented to the communit Once this has been agreed, a formal patch shall
> be
> posted on the mailing-list.
> 
> The concept being presented has been found to work!
> 
> (XI) ORGANIZATION OF PATCHES
>      =======================
> 
>  A. All patches [Architecture 'agnostic' + 'specific']:
> 
>    [Patch 1-9, 23, 36] logic required during machine init
>     (*) Some validation checks
>     (*) Introduces core-id property and some util functions required later.
>     (*) Refactors Parking logic of vCPUs
>     (*) Logic to pre-create vCPUs
>     (*) GIC initialization pre-sized with possible vCPUs.
>     (*) Some refactoring to have common hot and cold plug logic together.
>     (*) Release of disable QOM CPU objects in post_cpu_init()
>     (*) Support of ACPI _OSC method to negotiate platform hotplug
> capabilities
>    [Patch 10-22] logic related to ACPI at machine init time
>     (*) Changes required to Enable ACPI for cpu hotplug
>     (*) Initialization ACPI GED framework to cater CPU Hotplug Events
>     (*) Build ACPI AML related to CPU control dev
>     (*) ACPI MADT/MAT changes
>    [Patch 24-35] Logic required during vCPU hot-(un)plug
>     (*) Basic framework changes to suppport vCPU hot-(un)plug
>     (*) ACPI GED changes for hot-(un)plug hooks.
>     (*) wire-unwire the IRQs
>     (*) GIC notification logic
>     (*) ARMCPU unrealize logic
>     (*) Handling of SMCC Hypercall Exits by KVM to Qemu
> 
>  B. Architecture *agnostic* patches part of patch-set:
> 
>    [Patch 5,9,11,13,16,20,24,31,33] Common logic to support hotplug
>     (*) Refactors Parking logic of vCPUs
>     (*) Introduces ACPI GED Support for vCPU Hotplug Events
>     (*) Introduces ACPI AML change for CPU Control Device
> 
> (XII) REFERENCES
>       ==========
> 
> [1] https://lore.kernel.org/qemu-devel/20200613213629.21984-1-
> salil.mehta@huawei.com/
> [2] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-arm-kernel/20200625133757.22332-1-
> salil.mehta@huawei.com/
> [3] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20230203135043.409192-1-
> james.morse@arm.com/
> [4] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230913163823.7880-1-james.morse@arm.com/
> [5] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230404154050.2270077-1-
> oliver.upton@linux.dev/
> [6] https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=3706
> [7]
> https://uefi.org/specs/ACPI/6.5/05_ACPI_Software_Programming_Model.html#gic
> -cpu-interface-gicc-structure
> [8] https://bugzilla.tianocore.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4481#c5
> [9] https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-
> engine/docs/concepts/verticalpodautoscaler
> [10] https://docs.aws.amazon.com/eks/latest/userguide/vertical-pod-
> autoscaler.html
> [11] https://lkml.org/lkml/2019/7/10/235
> [12] https://lists.cs.columbia.edu/pipermail/kvmarm/2018-July/032316.html
> [13] https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/qemu-devel/2020-01/msg06517.html
> [14] https://op-lists.linaro.org/archives/list/linaro-open-discussions@op-
> lists.linaro.org/thread/7CGL6JTACPUZEYQC34CZ2ZBWJGSR74WE/
> [15] http://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/qemu-devel/2018-07/msg01168.html
> [16] https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/qemu-devel/2020-06/msg00131.html
> [17] https://op-lists.linaro.org/archives/list/linaro-open-discussions@op-
> lists.linaro.org/message/X74JS6P2N4AUWHHATJJVVFDI2EMDZJ74/
> [18] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20210608154805.216869-1-jean-
> philippe@linaro.org/
> [19] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230913163823.7880-1-james.morse@arm.com/
> [20]
> https://uefi.org/specs/ACPI/6.5/05_ACPI_Software_Programming_Model.html#gic
> c-cpu-interface-flags
> 
> (XIII) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
>        ================
> 
> I would like to take this opportunity to thank below people for various
> discussions with me over different channels during the development:
> 
> Marc Zyngier (Google)               Catalin Marinas (ARM),
> James Morse(ARM),                   Will Deacon (Google),
> Jean-Phillipe Brucker (Linaro),     Sudeep Holla (ARM),
> Lorenzo Pieralisi (Linaro),         Gavin Shan (Redhat),
> Jonathan Cameron (Huawei),          Darren Hart (Ampere),
> Igor Mamedov (Redhat),              Ilkka Koskinen (Ampere),
> Andrew Jones (Redhat),              Karl Heubaum (Oracle),
> Keqian Zhu (Huawei),                Miguel Luis (Oracle),
> Xiongfeng Wang (Huawei),            Vishnu Pajjuri (Ampere),
> Shameerali Kolothum (Huawei)        Russell King (Oracle)
> Xuwei/Joy (Huawei),                 Peter Maydel (Linaro)
> Zengtao/Prime (Huawei),             And all those whom I have missed!
> 
> Many thanks to below people for their current or past contributions:
> 
> 1. James Morse (ARM)
>    (Current Kernel part of vCPU Hotplug Support on AARCH64)
> 2. Jean-Philippe Brucker (Linaro)
>    (Protoyped one of the earlier PSCI based POC [17][18] based on RFC V1)
> 3. Keqian Zhu (Huawei)
>    (Co-developed Qemu prototype)
> 4. Xiongfeng Wang (Huawei)
>    (Co-developed earlier kernel prototype)
> 5. Vishnu Pajjuri (Ampere)
>    (Verification on Ampere ARM64 Platforms + fixes)
> 6. Miguel Luis (Oracle)
>    (Verification on Oracle ARM64 Platforms + fixes)
> 
> 
> Author Salil Mehta (1):
>   target/arm/kvm,tcg: Register/Handle SMCCC hypercall exits to VMM/Qemu
> 
> Jean-Philippe Brucker (2):
>   hw/acpi: Make _MAT method optional
>   target/arm/kvm: Write CPU state back to KVM on reset
> 
> Miguel Luis (1):
>   tcg/mttcg: enable threads to unregister in tcg_ctxs[]
> 
> Salil Mehta (33):
>   arm/virt,target/arm: Add new ARMCPU {socket,cluster,core,thread}-id
> property
>   cpus-common: Add common CPU utility for possible vCPUs
>   hw/arm/virt: Move setting of common CPU properties in a function
>   arm/virt,target/arm: Machine init time change common to vCPU {cold|hot}-
> plug
>   accel/kvm: Extract common KVM vCPU {creation,parking} code
>   arm/virt,kvm: Pre-create disabled possible vCPUs @machine init
>   arm/virt,gicv3: Changes to pre-size GIC with possible vcpus @machine init
>   arm/virt: Init PMU at host for all possible vcpus
>   hw/acpi: Move CPU ctrl-dev MMIO region len macro to common header file
>   arm/acpi: Enable ACPI support for vcpu hotplug
>   hw/acpi: Add ACPI CPU hotplug init stub
>   hw/acpi: Use qemu_present_cpu() API in ACPI CPU hotplug init
>   hw/acpi: Init GED framework with cpu hotplug events
>   arm/virt: Add cpu hotplug events to GED during creation
>   arm/virt: Create GED dev before *disabled* CPU Objs are destroyed
>   hw/acpi: Update CPUs AML with cpu-(ctrl)dev change
>   arm/virt/acpi: Build CPUs AML with CPU Hotplug support
>   arm/virt: Make ARM vCPU *present* status ACPI *persistent*
>   hw/acpi: ACPI/AML Changes to reflect the correct _STA.{PRES,ENA} Bits to
> Guest
>   hw/acpi: Update GED _EVT method AML with cpu scan
>   hw/arm: MADT Tbl change to size the guest with possible vCPUs
>   arm/virt: Release objects for *disabled* possible vCPUs after init
>   hw/acpi: Update ACPI GED framework to support vCPU Hotplug
>   arm/virt: Add/update basic hot-(un)plug framework
>   arm/virt: Changes to (un)wire GICC<->vCPU IRQs during hot-(un)plug
>   hw/arm,gicv3: Changes to update GIC with vCPU hot-plug notification
>   hw/intc/arm-gicv3*: Changes required to (re)init the vCPU register info
>   arm/virt: Update the guest(via GED) about CPU hot-(un)plug events
>   hw/arm: Changes required for reset and to support next boot
>   physmem,gdbstub: Common helping funcs/changes to *unrealize* vCPU
>   target/arm: Add support of *unrealize* ARMCPU during vCPU Hot-unplug
>   hw/arm: Support hotplug capability check using _OSC method
>   hw/arm/virt: Expose cold-booted CPUs as MADT GICC Enabled
> 
>  accel/kvm/kvm-all.c                    |  61 +-
>  accel/tcg/tcg-accel-ops-mttcg.c        |   1 +
>  cpus-common.c                          |  37 ++
>  gdbstub/gdbstub.c                      |  13 +
>  hw/acpi/acpi-cpu-hotplug-stub.c        |   6 +
>  hw/acpi/cpu.c                          |  91 ++-
>  hw/acpi/generic_event_device.c         |  33 +
>  hw/arm/Kconfig                         |   1 +
>  hw/arm/boot.c                          |   2 +-
>  hw/arm/virt-acpi-build.c               | 110 +++-
>  hw/arm/virt.c                          | 863 ++++++++++++++++++++-----
>  hw/core/gpio.c                         |   2 +-
>  hw/i386/acpi-build.c                   |   2 +-
>  hw/intc/arm_gicv3.c                    |   1 +
>  hw/intc/arm_gicv3_common.c             |  66 +-
>  hw/intc/arm_gicv3_cpuif.c              | 265 ++++----
>  hw/intc/arm_gicv3_cpuif_common.c       |   5 +
>  hw/intc/arm_gicv3_kvm.c                |  39 +-
>  hw/intc/gicv3_internal.h               |   2 +
>  include/exec/cpu-common.h              |   8 +
>  include/exec/gdbstub.h                 |   1 +
>  include/hw/acpi/cpu.h                  |   7 +-
>  include/hw/acpi/cpu_hotplug.h          |   4 +
>  include/hw/acpi/generic_event_device.h |   5 +
>  include/hw/arm/boot.h                  |   2 +
>  include/hw/arm/virt.h                  |  10 +-
>  include/hw/core/cpu.h                  |  77 +++
>  include/hw/intc/arm_gicv3_common.h     |  23 +
>  include/hw/qdev-core.h                 |   2 +
>  include/sysemu/kvm.h                   |   2 +
>  include/tcg/tcg.h                      |   1 +
>  softmmu/physmem.c                      |  25 +
>  target/arm/arm-powerctl.c              |  51 +-
>  target/arm/cpu-qom.h                   |   3 +
>  target/arm/cpu.c                       | 112 ++++
>  target/arm/cpu.h                       |  17 +
>  target/arm/cpu64.c                     |  15 +
>  target/arm/gdbstub.c                   |   6 +
>  target/arm/helper.c                    |  27 +-
>  target/arm/internals.h                 |  12 +-
>  target/arm/kvm.c                       |  93 ++-
>  target/arm/kvm64.c                     |  59 +-
>  target/arm/kvm_arm.h                   |  24 +
>  target/arm/meson.build                 |   1 +
>  target/arm/{tcg => }/psci.c            |   8 +
>  target/arm/tcg/meson.build             |   4 -
>  tcg/tcg.c                              |  23 +
>  47 files changed, 1873 insertions(+), 349 deletions(-)
>  rename target/arm/{tcg => }/psci.c (97%)
> 
> --
> 2.34.1